An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی و اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri

Paris Observatory

Introduction

I

Iapetus = Yāpetus     یاپتوس

Fr.: Japet

The seventeenth of Saturn's known satellites and the third largest. It is 1436 km across and revolves around Saturn at a mean distance of 3.5 million km with a period of 79 days. The most unique and perhaps most remarkable feature on Iapetus is a topographic ridge 13 km higher than the surrounding terrain, as discovered in the images obtained with Cassini spacecraft. The ridge extends at least 1300 km almost exactly parallel with Iapetus's equator.

Iapetus was one of the Titan gods, sons of Ouranos (Heaven) and Gaia (Earth). Discovered 25 October 1671 by Jean-Dominique Cassini.

-ic = -ik (#), -i (#)     -ایک، -ای

Fr.: -ique

A suffix forming adjectives from nouns and bearing several senses; adjective suffix of nouns ending in → -ics.

→ -ics.

ice = yax (#)     یخ

Fr.: glace

1) The solid form of water; it is found in the atmosphere as snow crystals, hail, ice pellets, etc., and on the Earth's surface in forms such as frost, rime, glaze, glacier ice, etc.
2) The solid, frozen form of gases in cold astronomical objects.

Ice, from O.E. is "ice," from P.Gmc. *isa-; cf. O.N. iss, O.Fris. is, Du. ijs, Ger. Eis. Cognate with Pers. yax, as below.

Yax, from Av. aexa- "ice, frost," isav-, isu- "icy, chilly;" cf. Sarikoli (Pamir dialect) īš "cold;" P.Gmc. *isa-, as above.

ice accretion = farbāl-e yax     فربال ِ یخ

Fr.: accrétion de glace

Meteo.: The process by which a layer of ice builds up on solid objects that are exposed to freezing precipitation or to supercooled fog or cloud droplets.

→ ice; → accretion.

ice age = asr-e yax (#)     عصر ِ یخ

Fr.: āge de glace

A major interval of geologic time during which extensive ice sheets (continental glaciers) formed over many parts of the world.

→ ice; → age.

iceberg = yaxberg, kuh-e yax     یخ‌بِرگ، کوه ِ یخ

Fr.: iceberg

A large mass of floating or stranded ice that has broken away from a glacier; usually more than 5 m above sea level.

Iceberg, half Anglicization, half adoption of Du. ijsberg "ice mountain," from ijs → ice + berg "mountain" (cf. Ger. Eisberg, Sw. isberg), from P.Gmc. *bergaz; cf. M.H.G. berc, O.H.G. berg "mountain;" cognate with Pers. boland, borz, berg, as below; PIE base *bheregh- "high, elevated."

Yaxberg, from yax → ice + berg "mountain, hill," in Laki dialect, related to Pers. boland "high," variants bālā "up, above, high, elevated, height," borz "height, magnitude" (it occurs also in the name of the mountain chain Alborz), Laki dialect berg "hill, mountain;" Mid.Pers. buland "high;" O.Pers. baršan- "height;" Av. barəz- "high, mount," barezan- "height;" cf. Skt. bhrant- "high;" L. fortis "strong" (Fr. & E. force); O.E. burg, burh "castle, fortified place," from P.Gmc. *burgs "fortress;" Ger. Burg "castle," Goth. baurgs "city," E. burg, borough, Fr. bourgeois, bourgeoisie, faubourg); PIE base *bhergh- "high."

ice point = noqte-ye yax (#)     نقطه‌ی ِ یخ

Fr.: point de congélation

The temperature at which a mixture of air-saturated pure water and pure ice may exist in equilibrium at a pressure of one standard atmosphere.

→ ice; → point.

-ics = -ik (#)     -ایک

Fr.: -ique

A suffix of nouns that denotes science, knowledge, principles, characteristic actions or activities: physics; statistics; politics; tactics; ethics; acrobatics.

Suffix -ics, from -ic + plural suffix -s, from O.Fr. -ique, from L. -icus, Gk. -ikos; cf. O.E. -ig, from P.Gmc. *-iga, Ger. -ig.

Mod.Pers. -ik, from Mid.Pers. -ik or -ig, possibly from the Av. noun and adjective forming suffix -ika, -ka, -aka (as in ainika- "face," maršdika- "mercy," pairikā- "fairy," kasvika- "trifling," kutaka- "small," ahmāka- "ours"). In Mid.Pers. it had an extensive use for creating adjectives of relation. Some examples:
cihrik, cihrig "natural," from cihr (Mod.Pers. cehr);
gohrik, gohrig "natural, essential," from gohr (Mod.Pers. gowhar);
gumānik, gumānig "doubtful," from gumān (Mod.Pers. gomān);
kunišnik "doable, related to action," from konišn (Mod.Pers. koneš);
mānik, mānig "household belonging, household member," from mān (Mod.Pers. mān);
manik "mine, related to me," from man (Mod.Pers. man);
narik "related to male," from nar (Mod.Pers. nar);
xvartik, xwarišnig "edible," from xvart, xwarišn (Mod.Pers. xord, xoreš);
gāsānik, gāhānig "related to the Gathas (the oldest songs of the Avesta, which are attributed to Zarathushtra himself)," from gāsān (Mod.Pers. gāhān);
dātik, dādig "legal, concerned with the law," from dāt (Mod.Pers. dād).

Although it has changed into -i in Mod.Pers. (like O.E. -ig into E. -y, as in juicy, rumbly, dreamy), it is extant in a number of adjectives: tārik "dark," nazdik "near," bārik "narrow," zandik (Arabicized zandiq) "heretic." It is active in the Tabari dialect, as in larzenik "fearful," ramendik "timid, fugitive," xordinik "very small," and also appears as -ij, for example yušij "related to, belong to Yuš (a famous village in Māzandarān)." In recent years -ik has been reactivated in technical terminology to render E. -ics (Fr. -ique, Ger. -ik), as in the following examples:
āvāyik (آواییک) "phonetics;"
farmānik (فرمانیک) "cybernetics;"
ma'nāyik (معناییک) "semantics;"
nurik (نوریک) "optics;"
partābik (پرتابیک) "ballistics;"
tavānik, niruyik (توانیک، نیروییک) "dynamics;"
zabānik (زبانیک) "linguistics."

The revival of -ik is interesting for several reasons, mainly:
a) In the European scientific terminology, branches of science are denoted by two suffixes:
1) -logy, as in biology, geology, mineralogy, etc. The Pers. counterpart of this suffix is the widely used -šenāsi (-شناسی), → -logy;
2) -ics, as in biotics, dynamics, kinematics, mathematics, etc. Lacking a Pers. equivalent until recently, -ics was equated with -logy. However, the Pers. suffix -ik produces helpful semantic nuances and allows us new constructions from the same base, for example:
→ biology "zistšenāsi" (زیست‌شناسی);
→ biotics "zistik" (زیستیک).
b) Moreover, in some cases -ik is more efficient than -šenāsi. For example, if we translate balistics by partābšenāsi (پرتاب‌شناسی) how should we render ballistic missile? Mušak-e partābšenāsi (موشک ِ پرتاب‌شناسی), mušak-e partābšenāxti (موشک ِ پرتاب‌شناختی), or mušak-e partābšenāsāné (موشک ِ پرتاب‌شناسانه)? All these possibilities seem unfitting, and no matter which adjective we choose among them the problem remains. The reason is that here ballistic does not really refer to the science (-šenāsi) but points to the action of throwing, → ballistic missile. This problem can be turned around using -ik: mušak-e partābik (موشک ِ پرتابیک).
c) It is not phonetically straightforward in Pers. to make adjectives with the -i suffix from words which end in -i, in particular with -šenāsi. The use of -ik solves this problem and produces adjectives which themselves do not end in -i, for example → astronomical unit "yekā-ye axtaršnāsik" (یکای ِ اخترشناسیک) instead of "~ axtaršnāxti".

idea = miné     مینه

Fr.: idée

A thought, conception, or notion existing in the mind as a result of mental understanding, awareness, or activity. → thought = andišé (اندیشه); → concept = begret (بگرت).

Idea, from L. idea "idea," pre-Platonic Gk. idea "form, semblance, nature, fashion," in Plato "a timeless, universal archetype of existents; ideal prototype," literally "look, form," from idein "to see," from PIE *wid-es-ya-, suffixed form of base *weid- "to know, to see;" cf. Pers. bin- "to see" (present stem of didan); Mid.Pers. wyn-; O.Pers. vain- "to see;" Av. vaēn- "to see;" Skt. veda "I know."

Miné "idea" (related to Pers. maneš "disposition, temperament, greatness of soul," minu "heaven, paradise," also equivalent to Ger. Geist in recent philosophical translations, došman "enemy," pašimān "penitent, regretful," pežmān "sad, mournful," šādmān "joyful, cheerful, pleased," ārmān "desire; ideal," → ideal), from Mid.Pers. mźnidan "to think, consider," mźn "thought, idea," mźnišn "thought, thinking, mind, disposition," mźnitār "thinker," mźnōg "spritual, immaterial, heavenly," from Av. man- "to think," mainyeite "he thinks," manah- "mind, thinking, thought; purpose, intention," mainyu- "mind, mentality, mental force, inspiration," traditionally translated as "spirit," Angra Mainyu "hostile mentality" (Mod.Pers. Ahriman); O.Pers. maniyaiy "I think," Ardumaniš- (proper noun) "upright-minded," Haxāmaniš- (proper noun, Hellenized Achaemenes, founder of the Achaemenian dynasty) "having the mind of a friend;" cf. Sogdian mān "mind;" Skt. man- "to think," mánye "I think," manyate "he thinks," mánas- "intelligence, understanding, consciense;" Gk. mainomai "to be angry," mania "madness," mantis "one who divines, prophet;" L. mens "mind, understanding, reason," memini "I remember," mentio "remembrance;" Lith. mintis "thought, idea;" Goth. muns "thought," munan "to think;" Ger. Minne "love," originally "loving memory;" O.E. gemynd "memory, thinking, intention;" PIE base *men- "to think, mind; spiritual activity."

ideal = 1) (n.) ārmān, minevār; 2) (adj.) ārmāni, mineyi, minevār     ۱) آرمان، مینه‌وار؛ ۲) آرمانی، مینه‌ای، مینه‌وار

Fr.: idéal

1) (n.) A standard of perfection, beauty, or excellence.
Math.: A subset of a ring that is closed under addition and multiplication by any element of the ring.
2) (adj.) Existing only in the imagination; not real or actual.
Conforming exactly to an ideal, law, or standard; perfect. → ideal gas.

M.E. ydeall, from L.L. idealis "existing in idea," from L. → idea.

Ārmān "ideal" in Mod.Pers., traditionally "desire; hope; grief," variants armān, urmān, prefixed from mān, "thought, mind," → idea. The first element may be related to Av. armaē- "in peace, still; quietly;" PIE base *er[ə]- "to be still" (cf. Skt. īrmā (adv.) "quiet, still, being in the same place;" Gk. erōé "calm, peace;" O.H.G. rouwa "rest"), as in Av. armaē.šad- "sitting quietly," armaē.štā- "standing still, stagnent." Therefore, Pers. ārmān may be related to Av. *armaē.manah- (PIE *ermen-) "thought in peace, quiet mind."
Mineyi, minevār, adj. from miné → idea.

ideal gas = gāz-e ārmāni, ~-e minevār     گاز ِ آرمانی، ~ ِ مینه‌وار

Fr.: gaz idéal

Theoretical gas assumed to consist of perfectly elastic molecules of negligible volume and mutual attraction force. Also called → perfect gas.

→ ideal; → gas.

idealism = minebāvari     مینه‌باوری

Fr.: idéalisme

Any one of a variety of systems of philosophical thought, which would make the ultimate reality of the Universe expressible or intangible only in terms of idea in mind, rather than in terms of matter in space.

From → ideal + -ism a suffix appearing in loanwords from Gk. denoting several senses, among which state or condition, principles, doctrines.

Minebāvari, from miné → idea + bāvari, from bāvar "belief;" Mid.Pers. wābar "beleif;" Proto-Iranian *uar- "to choose; to convince; to believe;" cf. Av. var- "to choose; to convince" varəna-, varana- "conviction, faith;" O.Pers. v(a)r- "to choose; to convince;" Skt. vr- "to choose," vara- "choosing."

ideal MHD condition = butār-e MHD-ye ārmāni     بوتار ِ DHMی ِ آرمانی

Fr.: MHD idéale

Magnetohydrodynamics of a plasma with very large (infinite) conductivity. In this limit, Ohm's law reduces to E = -v x B, where E represents electric field, B magnetic field, and v the fluid velocity.

→ ideal; → magnetohydrodynamics (MHD); → condition.

identical = yeksān, hamidān     یکسان، همیدان

Fr.: identique

Similar or alike in every way; being the very same; agreeing exactly.

From M.L. identicus "the same," from L.L. identitas "identity," from idem "the same," from id "it, that one" + demonstrative suffix -dem.

Yeksān "the same, similar," from yek → one + -sān "manner, semblance" (variant sun, Mid.Pers. sān "manner, kind," Sogdian šōné "career").
Hamidān, from Mid.Pers. hamźtōn "identical."

identification = idāneš     ایدانش

Fr.: identification

An act or instance of identifying; the state of being identified.

Identification, verbal noun of → identify (v.).

Idāneš, verbal noun of idānidan → identify (v.).

identification of lines = idāneš-e xatthā     ایدانش ِ خطها

Fr.: identification de raies

Recognizing the lines in the spectrum of a star, nebula, galaxy, etc. using a calibration template.

→ identification; → line.

identifier = idāngar     ایدانگر

Fr.: identifiant

Computers: 1) One or more characters used to identify, name, or characterize the nature, properties, or contents of a set of data elements.
2) A string of bits or characters that names an entity, such as a program, device, or system, in order that other entities can call that entity.
3) In programming languages, a lexical unit that names a language object, such as a variable, array, record, label, or procedure.

Agent noun of → identify (v.).

identify (v.) = idānidan     ایدانیدن

Fr.: identifier

To recognize or establish as being a particular person or thing; e.g. → identification of lines.

Identify, from Fr. identifier, from identité, → identity.

Idānidan, infinitive from idāni → identity.

identity = idāni, inhamāni, kisti, cisti     ایدانی، این‌همانی، کیستی، چیستی

Fr.: identité

Math.: An equation that is valid for all values of its variables. A mathematical relationship equating one quantity to another.
Logic: An assertion that two terms refer to the same thing.

From M.Fr. identité, from L.L. identitas "sameness," from ident-, combining form of L. idem "the same; at the same time; also; moreover," from id "it, that one" + demonstrative suffix -dem + -itas a suffix used to form abstract nouns expressing state or condition.

Idāni, from iduni, from Mid.Pers. źdōnih "being this, being that, being so, the manner of being," from źdōn "thus, so," Mod.Pers. idun "this, in this manner, now;" O.Pers. aita- demonstrative pronoun "this;" Av. aēta- "this; this here; this now," aētaδ- (adv.) "here, there; then, thus; thereupon;" cf. Skt. etad "this," iti "thus, in this manner;" akin to L. idem, as above.

identity function = karyā-ye idāni     کریای ِ ایدانی

Fr.: fonction d'identité

Math.: Any function f for which f(x) = x for all x in the domain of definition.

→ identity; → function.

identity operator = āpārgar-e idāni     آپارگر ِ ایدانی

Fr.: opérateur d'identité

An operator which takes a real number to the same real number.

→ identity; → operator.

identity matrix = mātris-e idāni     ماتریس ِ ایدانی

Fr.: matrice identité

In linear algebra, the simplest nontrivial diagonal matrix, an n-by-n square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere.

→ identity; → matrix.

-ids = -iyān     -اییان

Fr.: -ides

Suffix denoting "family of," as in Andromedids, Aquarids, Bielids, Draconids, Geminids, Perseids, and so on.

Plural form of L. -id-, from -is, Gk. fem. patronymic suffix; or from L. -ides, from Gk. masc. patronymic suffix.

-iyān plural form of -i, suffix of relation, adjective + -y- euphonic infix (epenthesis) + -ān plural suffix, as in Haxāmanešiyān "Achaemenids," Sāsāniyān "Sasanides," and so on.

igneous rock = sang-e āzarin (#)     سنگ ِ آذرین

Fr.: roche ignée

A rock formed by the solidification of molten material that originated within the Earth (as magma or lava).

Igneous, from L. igneus "of fire, fiery," from ignis "fire," from PIE *egni- (cf. Skt. agni- "fire, sacrificial fire," O.C.S. ogni, Lith. ugnis "fire"); rock "stone," from O.E. rocc (in stanrocc "stone rock or obelisk"), also from O.N.Fr. roque, from M.L. rocca, from V.L. *rocca, of uncertain origin.

Sang "stone, rock," from Mid.Pers. sang; O.Pers. aθanga-; Av. asenga- "stone" (related to Mod.Pers. āsmān "sky" → heaven); āzarin "fiery," from āzar, variants ātaš, taš, from Mid.Pers. ātaxš, ātur "fire;" Av. ātar-, āθr- "fire," singular nominative ātarš-; O.Pers. ātar- "fire;" Av. āθaurvan- "fire priest;" Skt. átharvan- "fire priest;" cf. L. ater "black" ("blackened by fire"); Arm. airem "burns;" Serb. vatra "fire;" PIE base *āter- "fire" + -in adj. suffix.

illuminance = rowšanāyi, tanuyi-ye ~     روشنایی، تنویی ِ ~

Fr.: éclairement lumineux

Optics: Intensity of → illumination.
The amount of visible light incident per unit area of surface per second; measured in lux (lumens per unit square meter). → irradiance.

Rowšanāyi → illumination; tanuyi → intensity.

illumination = rowšanāyi (#)     روشنایی

Fr.: éclairement, illumination

General: An act or instance of illuminating. The fact or condition of being illuminated.

Illumination, from O.Fr. illumination, from L. illuminationem (nom. illuminatio), from illuminare "to throw into light," from → in- "in" + lumen "light," cognate with Pers. rowšan, as below.

Rowšanāyi, noun of quality and state from rowšan "bright, clear," related to ruz "day," foruq "light," and afruxtan "to light, kindle," rowzané "window, aperture;" Mid.Pers. rōšn "light; bright, luminous," rōc "day," rocānak "window;" O.Pers. raucah-, Av. raocana- "bright, shining, radiant," raocah- "light, luminous; daylight;" akin to Skt. rocaná- "bright, shining, roka- "brightness, light;" Gk. leukos "white, clear;" L. lux "light," also lumen "light, window," luna "Moon;" E. light; Ger. Licht; Fr. lumičre; PIE base *leuk- "light, brightness."

illusion = tarfand (#)     ترفند

Fr.: illusion

Something that produces a false or misleading impression of reality. → optical illusion.
An instance of being deceived.

From O.Fr. illusion "a mocking," from L. illusionem (nom. illusio) "a mocking, irony," from illudere "to mock at," literally "to play with," from in- "at" + ludere "to play," from ludus "a game, play;" PIE base *leid- "to play, jest."

Tarfand "falsity, deceit, fraud," variant tarb, Mid.Pers. truftan "to steal;" from Av. tarəp- "to steal, rob;" cf. Skt. tarp- "to steal, rob;" PIE base *terp- "to be satisfied."

image = tasvir (#)     تصویر

Fr.: image

In an optical system, the point to which light rays are converged (real image) or from which they appear to diverge (virtual image) after reflection or refraction.
Math.: A number, point, or unique element of a space that corresponds to some other number, point, or unit element.

From O.Fr. image, from L. imaginem (nom. imago) "copy, picture, likeness " from stem of imitari "to copy, imitate, from im-, stem of imitare "to copy, imitate" + -ago noun suffix.

Tasvir, loan from Ar.

image co-adding = hamafzāyeš-e tasvirhā     هم‌افزایش ِ تصویرها

Fr.: addition d'images

The process of adding several usually low-exposure images to create an image having a significantly higher signal/noise ratio.

→ image; → co-; → add (v.).

image deblurring = tigeš-e tasvir     تیگش ِ تصویر

Fr.: correction de l'image brouillée

A technique using a mathematical model of the blurring process to recover the original, sharp image. → blurred image.

→ image; → co-; → add (v.).

Tigeš "sharpening," from tigidan → debur (v.).

image formation = diseš-e tasvir     دیسش ِ تصویر

Fr.: formation de l'image

The meeting of light rays emanating from an object after crossing an optical system.

→ image; → formation.

image intensifier = tanugar-e tasvir     تنوگر ِ تصویر

Fr.: intensificateur d'image

Device that produces an observable image that is brighter at output than the image at input.

→ image; → intensifier.

image processing = āmāyeš-e tasvir     آمایش ِ تصویر

Fr.: traitement d'image

The use of techniques to produce, extract, identify, and display images for evaluation, interpretation, and further interaction with the data.

→ image; → processing.

image quality = cuni-ye tasvir     چونی ِ تصویر

Fr.: qualité d'image

The degree of visibility of relevant information in an image.

→ image; → quality.

image resolution = vāgošud-e tasvir     واگشود ِ تصویر

Fr.: résolution d'image

The separation between two detached but adjacent points in an image.

→ image; → resolution.

image restoration = bāzsāzi-ye tasvir (#)     بازسازی ِ تصویر

Fr.: restauration d'image

The process by virtue of which the original image can be created by removing the blurring and the noise that occur during image formation.

→ image; → restoration.

image scale = marpel-e tasvir     مرپل ِ تصویر

Fr.: échelle de l'image

The quantity that relates the length on the image to the angular or physical separations on the sky.

→ image; → scale.

image tube = lule-ye tasvigar     لوله‌ی ِ تصویرگر

Fr.: tube imageur

A device for amplifying faint images by electronic means. Electrons, released when the incident radiation forms a pattern on a photocathode, are accelerated by a magnetic field so that they form a second, brighter image when they strike a phosphor screen.

→ image; → tube.

imaginary number = adad-e pendāšti (#)     عدد ِ پنداشتی

Fr.: nombre imaginaire

A number that is or can be expressed as the square root of a negative number; thus √ -1 is an imaginary number, denoted by i; i² = - 1.

M.E. imaginary from L. imaginarius, from imagin-, stem of imago → image + -arius "-ary;" → number.

Adad → number; pendāšti, adj. of pendāšt, pendāštan "to imagine, consider, think," from Mid.Pers. pad źd dāštan "to consider," from pad "to, at, in, on" + źd "this" + dāštan "to have, hold, keep" (Mod.Pers. dāštan); O.Pers./Av. root dar- "to hold, keep back, maitain, keep in mind;" Skt. dhar- "to hold, keep, preserve," dharma- "law;" Gk. thronos "elevated seat, throne;" L. firmus "firm, stable;" Lith. daryti "to make;" PIE base *dher- "to hold, support."

imaging = tasvirgari (#)     تصویرگری

Fr.: imagerie

The visual representation of an astronomical body using a two-dimensional detector and computerized techniques.

From → image + -ing.

Tasvirgari, from tasvirgar agent noun from tasvir → image + -gar from kar-, kardan "to do, to make" (Mid.Pers. kardan; O.Pers./Av. kar- "to do, make, build;" Av. kərənaoiti "makes;" cf. Skt. kr- "to do, to make;" krnoti "makes," karma "act, deed;" PIE base k^wer- "to do, to make").

imaging detector = āškārgar-e tasvirgari     آشکارگر ِ تصویرگری

Fr.: détecteur d'image

A detector with two-dimensional capability, such as a CCD.

→ image; → → scale.

immersion = darungām     درونگام

Fr.: immersion

The disappearance of a star, planet, moon, or other body at the beginning of an occultation or eclipse. Also called ingress.

From L.L. immersionem (nom. immersio), noun of action from immergere, from L. in- "into" + mergere "plunge, dip."

Darungām, literally "going into," from darun " in, into; within" (Mid.Pers. andarōn "inside," from andar → inter- + rōn "side, direction;" Av. ravan- "(course of a) river") + gām "step, pace" (Mid.Pers. gām, O.Pers. gam- "to come; to go," Av. gam- "to come; to go," jamaiti "goes, Mod.Pers. āmadan "to come," Skt. gamati "goes," Gk. bainein "to go, walk, step," L. venire "to come," Tocharian A käm- "to come," O.H.G. queman "to come," E. come; PIE root *gwem- "to go, come").

impact = barxord (#)     برخورد

Fr.: impact, collision

A collision between two bodies. In the case of solar system objects, when one is much smaller than the other (like a meteoroid colliding with the Earth), a crater may be produced on the larger body.

From L. impactus, p.p. of impingere "to drive into, strike against, from → in- "in" + pangere "to fix, fasten."

Barxord, verbal noun of barxordan "to collide, clash, dash against each other," from bar- "on, upon, up" (Mid.Pers. abar; O.Pers. upariy "above; over, upon, according to;" Av. upairi "above, over," upairi.zəma- "located above the earth;" cf. Gk. hyper- "over, above;" L. super-; O.H.G. ubir "over;" PIE base *uper "over") + xordan "to hit, strike," originally "to eat, drink, devour," and by extension "to destroy," from Mid.Pers. xvardan "to eat, enjoy (food)," Av. x^var- "to consume, eat;" Laki dialect hovārden "to eat;" Proto-Iranian *huar- "to consume, eat."

impact ionization = yoneš-e barxordi     یونش ِ برخوردی

Fr.: ionisation par collision

The loss of orbital electrons by an atom of a crystal lattice which has undergone a high-energy collision.

→ impact; → ionization.

impactor = barxordgar     برخوردگر

Fr.: impacteur

A natural impacting body, such as a comet, asteroid, or planet. It can also be a space probe designed to collide with an astronomical body in the solar system.

Impactor, from → impact + -or a suffix forming agent nouns.

Barxordgar, from barxord → impact + -gar agent suffix, from kar-, kardan "to do, to make" (Mid.Pers. kardan, O.Pers./Av. kar- "to do, make, build," Av. kərənaoiti "makes," cf. Skt. kr- "to do, to make," krnoti "makes," karma "act, deed;" PIE base k^wer- "to do, to make").

impact parameter = pārāmun-e barxord     پارامون ِ برخورد

Fr.: paramčtre d'impact

A measure of the distance by which a collision fails being frontal.

→ impact ; → parameter

impact winter = zemestān-e barxord     زمستان ِ برخورد

Fr.: hiver par impact

The enormous drop in temperature and the related effects of the shrouding of Earth with soot and dust particles after the planet is struck by a sizable comet or asteroid. Such a phenomenon is believed to have killed off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

→ impact → winter.

impedance = pāgiri (#)     پاگیری

Fr.: impédance

General: The ratio of a quantity with the nature of a force to a related quantity with the nature of a current.
Electricity: The apparent opposition in an electrical circuit to the flow of an alternating current that is analogous to the actual electrical resistance to a direct current and that is the ratio of effective electromotive force to the effective current

From impede, from L. impedire "to entangle," literally "to shackle the feet," from in- "in" + pes (gen. pedis) "foot" + -ance a suffix used to form nouns either from adjectives in -ant or from verbs.

Pāgiri, verbal noun of pāgir "impedder, impeded; hinderer, hindered," from pā "foot, step" (from Mid.Pers. pād, pāy; Av. pad- "foot;" cf. Skt. pat; Gk. pos, gen. podos; L. pes, gen. pedis; P.Gmc. *fot; E. foot; Ger. Fuss; Fr. pied; PIE *pod-/*ped-) + gir present stem of gereftan "to take, seize" (Mid.Pers. griftan, Av./O.Pers. grab- "to take, seize," cf. Skt. grah-, grabh- "to seize, take," graha "seizing, holding, perceiving," M.L.G. grabben "to grab," from P.Gmc. *grab, E. grab "to take or grasp suddenly;" PIE base *ghrebh- "to seize").

implode (v.) = forukaftidan     فروکفتیدن

Fr.: imploser

To collapse, or cause to collapse, inward violently. → explode (v.).

Implode, from → in- + (ex)plode, from L. plaudere "to clap, beat," of uncertain origin.

Forukaftidan, from foru- "down, downwards; below; beneath" (Mid.Pers. frōt "down, downwards;" O.Pers. fravata "forward, downward;" cf. Skt. pravát- "a sloping path, the slope of a mountain") + kaftidan "to burst; to split," variants kaftan, kāftan "to split; to dig," (Parthian Mid.Pers. q'f- "to split;" Sogdian kβ "to spli;" Chorasmian kf- "to split, be split;" Proto-Iranian *kap-, *kaf- "to split").

implosion = forukaft     فروکفت

Fr.: implosion

A violent inward collapse; the act of imploding; opposed to → explosion.

Verbal noun of → implode (v.).

impulse = tekāné (#)     تکانه

Fr.: impulsion

Of a force acting on a body, the product of the force and the time for which it acts. If the force changes with time, the impulse is the integral of the force with respect to the time during which the force acts, and is equal to the total change of momentum produced by the force.

From L. impulsus "a push against, pressure, shock," p.p. of impellere "to push, strike against, drive forward," from → in- "into" + pellere "to push, drive."

Tekāné, from tekān "involuntary motion, sudden shaking," related to tak "rush, quick motion, stroke, blow" (tāxtan, tāzidan "to run; to hasten; to assault"); Mid.Pers. tak "assault, attack;" Av. taka- "leap, run," from tak- "to run, flow;" cf. Skt. tak- to rush, to hurry," takti "runs;" O.Ir. tech- "to flow;" Lith. teketi "to walk, to flow;" O.C.S. tešti "to walk, to hurry;" Tokharian B cake "river;" PIE base *tek^w- "to run; to flow;" → flow.

impulsive force = nitu-ye tekānemand     نیروی ِ تکانه‌مند

Fr.: force impulsionnelle

Relating to → impulse, the force which is very large but acts for a very short time.

Impulsive, adj. of → impulse; → force.

impurity = nāžāvi (#)     ناژاوی

Fr.: impureté

A substance that is incorporated into a semiconductor material to provide free electrons (n-type impurity) or holes (p-type inpurity).

Impurity, from im- negation prefix, → in-, + purity, O.Fr. pureté, from L.L. puritatem (nom. puritas) "cleanness, pureness," from purus "clean;" cf. Av. pūitika- "serving for purification," Mod.Pers. pāk "clean;" Skt. pavi- "to become clean," pávate "purifies, cleanses;" O.H.G. fouwen, fewen "to sift;" PIE base *peu- "to purify, cleanse."

Nāžāvi "impurity," from nā- negation prefix, → in-, + žāv "pure" + -i noun suffix.

in- = 1) dar-; 2) nā, bi-, an-, a-     ۱) در-؛ ۲) نا، بی-، ان-، اَ-

Fr.: en-

1) Prefix meaning "into, in, on, upon, toward, at;" variants im-; il-; ir- by assimilation of -n- with the following consonant. It occurs also sometimes as en, in loans from O.Fr.
2) Prefix meaning "not, opposite of, without."

1) From L. in; cf. Gk. en; P.Gmc. *in (cf. O.Fris, Du., Ger., Goth. in); O.E. in, inne "within."
2) From L. in- "not," cognate with Gk. an-; O.Pers./Av. an-, a- "not, without;" Skt. an-, a- "not;" P.Gmc. *un-; O.E. un-.

1) Dar- "in," from Mid.Pers. andar → intra-.
2) nā-, na "not," ma- "not" (prohitive); Mid.Pers. nź, ma "no, not;" O.Pers. naiy, nai "not;" Av. nōit, naē "not;" cf. Skt. ná "not;" L. ne-, in-, un-; Gk. ni; Lith. nč; O.C.S. ne "not;" PIE *ne-.
bi- privative prefix, from Mid.Pers. abi-, O.Pers. *apaiy-, Av. apa-.
a-, an-, from O.Pers./Av. negation prefix appearing before consonants and vowels respectively. A couple of examples in Mod.Pers.: amordâd "immortality, name of the fifth month in the Iranian calendar," anušé; "fortunate, happy," anirani "non Iranian," âhu "vice, defect," âsoqdé "unburnt, half-burnt wood."

inaccuracy = nārašmandi     نارَشمندی

Fr.: imprécision, inexactitude

The quality or condition of being inaccurate.
The difference between the input quantity applied to a measuring instrument and the output quantity indicated by that instrument. The inaccuracy of an instrument is equal to the sum of its instrument error and its uncertainty.

From negation prefix → in- + → accuracy

incandescence = foruzandegi (#)     فروزندگی

Fr.: incandescence

State of glowing at high temperature; white or bright-red heat.

Incandescence, from incandesc(ent) → incandescent lamp + -ence a noun suffix equivalent to -ance, corresponding to the suffix -ent in adjectives.

incandescent lamp = lāmp-e foruzandé (#)     لامپ ِ فروزنده

Fr.: lampe ą incandescence

Electric lamp in which light is produced by the heating effect of a metal filament.

Incandescent, probably from Fr., from L. incandescent-, incandescens, p.p. of incandescere "to become hot," from → in- + candescere "to become hot," from candere "to glow;" → lamp.

Lāmp → lamp; forizandé, adj. of foruzidan, afruxtan "to light, kindle;" related to foruq "light, brightness" (Mid.Pers. payrog "light, brightness"); rōšan "light; bright, luminous;" ruz "day;" Mid.Pers. rošn light; bright," rōc "day;" O.Pers. raucah-; Av. raocana- "bright, shining, radiant," raocah- "light, luminous; daylight;" cf. Skt. rocaná- "bright, shining, roka- "brightness, light;" Gk. leukos "white, clear;" L. lux "light," also lumen "light, window," luna "Moon;" E. light; Ger. Licht; Fr. lumičre; PIE base *leuk- "light, brightness." VERIF

incidence, angle of = zāviye-ye forud (#)     زاویه‌ی ِ فرود

Fr.: angle d'incidence

The angle formed between a ray of light striking a surface and the normal to that surface at the point of incidence.

→ incidence; → angle.

inclination = darkil     درکیل

Fr.: inclinaison

1) The angle between two lines or two planes.
2) An orbital element that defines the angle between the orbital plane of a solar system body (planet, comet, asteroid) and the plane of the ecliptic.
3) The angle between the equatorial and orbital planes of a planet.

Inclination, from M.E. inclinacioun, from L. inclination-, from inclinat(us) p.p. of inclinare, from → in- + clinare "to bend;" cf. Gk. klinein "to cause to slope, slant, incline;" Skt. sri- "to lean," O.Pers. θray-; Av. sray- "to lean;" Mod.Pers. kil "bent, inclined, slant;" PIE base *klei- "to lean, incline" from which is also derived P.Gmc. *khlinen (Ger. lehnen, E. lean).

Darkil, from prefix dar- "in" + kil "bent, crooked, inclined" [Dehxodā], Mid.Pers. xwahl "bent, crooked" (Mod.Pers. dialectal/colloquial variants kowleh, cowleh, cowl, caval, xohl, xohal, hol), cf. Skt. kûla- "slope, declivity;" PIE base *klei-, as above.

inclination of axis = darkil-e āse     درکیل ِ آسه

Fr.: inclinaison de l'axe

The angle between the rotation axis of a planet and the normal to the ecliptic.

→ inclination; → axis.

incoherent waves = mowjhā-ye nāhamdus (#)     موج‌های ِ ناهمدوس

Fr.: ondes incohérentes

The lack of a fixed phase relationship between two or more waves. → coherent.

Incoherent, from negation prefix → in- + → coherent; → wave.

incline (v.) = darkililan     درکیلیدن

Fr.: s'incliner; incliner

To deviate from the vertical or horizontal; slant.

Verbal form of → inclination.

incompleteness = nā-ospori     نا-اُسپری

Fr.: incomplétude

The state of being incomplete, for example in photometric studies of a population of stars when the faintest members of the population are lacking. → completeness

Negative of → completeness.

incompatible = nāsāzgār (#)     ناسازگار

Fr.: incompatible

Of two or more propositions, unable to be true simultaneously. → compatible.

From M.L. incompatibilis, from → in- "not" + compatibilis (→ compatible).

Nāsāzgār, from nā- "not" → in- + sāzgār → compatible.

incompressible flow = tacān-e nātanjidani, ~ tanješnāpazir     تچان ِ ناتنجیدنی، ~ ِ تنجش‌ناپذیر

Fr.: écoulement incompressible

A flow whose volume or density does not change under pressure, and therefore its density is a constant. In other words, an ideal flow in which the → divergence of velocity is zero. → compressible flow.

→ incompressible, from → in "not" + → compressible; → flow.

increment = fazāyé     فزایه

Fr.: incrément

The amount by which a varying quantity increases between two of its stages.
In calculus, the Gk. letter Δ (delta) is used to denote an increment; e.g. Δx is an increment of x. → decrement (کاهه).

Increment, from L. incrementum "growth, increase," from stem of increscere "to grow in or upon" from → in- "in" + crescere "to grow."

Fazāyé, from fazā shortened present stem of afzudan "to add, increase" (Mid.Pers. abzudan "to increase, grow;" O.Pers. abijav- "to increase, add to, promote," from abi-, aiby- "in addition to; to; against" + root jav- "press forward;" Av. gav- "to hasten, drive;" Sk. jav- "to press forward, impel quickly, excite," javate "hastens") + -y- euphonic infix + -é noun/nuance suffix.

indefinite = nāhedārmand, nāhedār     ناهدارمند، ناهدار

Fr.: indéfini

Not → definite; without fixed or specified limit.

From → in- "not, without" + → definite.

indefinite integral = dorostāl-e nāhedārmand     دُرُستال ِ ناهدارمند

Fr.: intégral indéfinie

Math.: An integral without upper and lower limits. The general antiderivative of a function. → definite integral.

→ definite; → integral.

independent events = ruydādhā-ye nāvābasté (#)     رویدادهای ِ ناوابسته

Fr.: évenements indépendants

Statistics: Two events if the occurrence of one of them gives no information about whether or not the other event will occur; these events have no influence on each other.

Independent, from negation prefix → in- + → dependent; → event.

from negation prefix → in- + → dependent; → event.

independent random variables = vatandehā-ye kāture-ye nāvābasté     ورتنده‌های ِ کاتوره‌ی ِ ناوابسته

Fr.: variables aléatoires indépendantes

Statistics: Two random variables X and Y if and only if the value of X has no influence on the value of Y and vice versa.

Independent from negation prefix → in- + → dependent; → random; → variable.

indeterminism = nātarmbāvari     ناترم‌باوری

Fr.: indéterminisme

Philosophy: The doctrine that there are events which do not correspond with determinism and therefore are uncaused in some sense.
Quantum physics: The claim that the most basic constituents of matter behave indeterministically, in accordance with such properties as the → uncertainty principle.

→ in-; → determinism.

Nātarmbāvari, nātarmvari, from nā- negation prefix + (ā)tarmbāvari, (ā)tarmvari → determinism.

index = dišan     دیشن

Fr.: indice

Something that serves to guide, point out, or otherwise facilitate reference, especially; an indicator or pointer, as on a scientific instrument; a sign.
Math. A number or symbol, often written as a subscript or superscript to a mathematical expression, that indicates an operation to be performed, an ordering relation, or a use of the associated expression.

Index, from L. index "forefinger, pointer, sign," literally "anything which points out," from indicare "point out, show," from in- "in" + dicare "to proclaim," from stem of dicere "to speak, to say;" PIE base *deik- "to point out" (cf. Av. daēs- " to show;" Skt. dic- "to point out, show;" Gk. deiknynai "to prove;" O.H.G. zeigon; Ger. zeigen "to show;" O.E. teon "to accuse," tęcan "to teach").

Dišan, from diš-, simple aorist of Av. daēs- "to show," as above, + suffix -an.

index of refraction = disšan-e šekast     دیشن ِ شکست

Fr.: indice de réfraction

Of any optical medium, the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in the medium.

→ index; → refraction.

induce (v.) = darhāxtan, darhāzidan     درهاختن، درهازیدن

Fr.: induire

To cause or initiate by influence or some means; e.g. → induced current; → induced emission.

Induce (v.), "to lead by persuasions or other influences," from L. inducere "to lead into, persuade," from → in- "in" + ducere "to lead," from PIE *deuk- "to lead" (cf. O.E. togian "to pull, drag," O.H.G. ziohan "to pull").

Darhāxtan, darhāzidan, from dar- "in" + Mid.Pers. hāxtan, hāzidan, "to lead, guide, persuade;" Av. hak-, hacaiti "to attach oneself to, to join;" cf. Skt. sacate "accompanies, follows;" Gk. hepesthai "to follow,"; L. sequi "to follow;" PIE *sek^w- "to follow."

induced = darhāzidé, darhāxté     درهازیده، درهاخته

Fr.: induit

Brought about or caused by → induction.

Induced, p.p. of → induce (v.).

induced current = jarayān-e darhāzidé, ~ darhāxté     جریان ِ درهازیده، ~ ِ درهاخته

Fr.: courant induit

Current resulting from the relative motion of a conductor through a magnetic field.

→ induced ; → current.

induced electric field = meydān-e barqi-ye darhāzidé, ~ ~ darhāxté     میدان ِ برقی ِ درهازیده، ~ ِ ~ ِ درهاخته

Fr.: champ électric induit

An electric field created by the variation of a magnetic field. The induced electric field lines are usually perpendicular to the changing magnetic field that produces them.

→ induced; → electric; → field.

induced emission = gosil-e darhāxté, ~ darhāzidé     گسیل ِ درهاخته، ~ ِ درهازیده

Fr.: émission induite

The emission of radiation from an atom when it is bombarded by photons. The induced radiation has the same wavelength and direction as the bombarding radiation. Same as → stimulated emission.

→ induced; → emission.

induced fission = šekāft-e darhāzidé, ~ darhāxté     شکافت ِ درهازیده، ~ درهاخته

Fr.: fission induite

Fission which takes place when a nucleon is bombarded with neutrons or high-energy radiation (gamma rays).

Induced, p.p. of → induce (v.); → fission.

inductance = darhāzandegi     درهازندگی

Fr.: inductance

The property of an electric circuit, or of two neighboring circuits, by virtue of which an electromotive force is induced in one circuit by a change of current in either of them.

Inductance, from induct, from L. inductus, p.p. of → induce (v.) + → -ance.

induction = darhāzeš     درهازش

Fr.: induction

General: The act of inducing, bringing about, or causing.
Electromagnetism: The process by which a body having electric or magnetic properties produces magnetism, an electric charge, or an electromotive force in a neighboring body without contact.
Math.: A method of mathematical proof typically used to establish that a given statement is true of all natural numbers. It is done by proving that the first statement in the infinite sequence of statements is true, and then proving that if any one statement in the infinite sequence of statements is true, then so is the next one.
Logic: Any form of reasoning in which the conclusion, though supported by the premises, does not follow from them necessarily.

Verbal noun of → induce (v.).

induction field = meydān-e darhāzeš     میدان ِ درهازش

Fr.: champ d'induction

A component of an electromagnetic field which is the region close to the source (an antenna) where steady-state magnetic and electrostatic forces can be detected. → radiation field.

→ induction; → field.

inductor = darhāzgar, darhāzandé     درهازگر، درهازنده

Fr.: bobine d'induction

A coil of wire used to introduce inductance into an electric circuit.

Agent noun of → induce (v.).

Indus = Sorxpust (#), Hendi (#)     سرخپوست، هندی

Fr.: Indien

The American Indian. A faint, southern constellation (right ascension: 21 hours, declination: -55 degrees), supposed to represent an American native Indian. It was introduced in the 1603 star atlas of Johann Bayer and contains no stars brighter than the third magnitude. Abbreviation: Ind; Genitive: Indi.

Indus "an Indian," from L., from Gk. Indos "the Indus River, an Indian."

Sorxpust "red skin," the term coming from the reddish skin color of some native Americans, from sorx → red + pust "skin," from Mid.Pers. pōst "skin;" Av. pastō-, in pastō.fraθanhəm "of the breadth of the skin."
Hendi "Indian," Mid.Pers. Hindūk, from Hind "Indian;" O.Pers. hindu- "Sind," a province of the Persian Empire on the upper Indus River," Hinduya- "man of Sind;" Av. hindu-, həndu-; Skt. sindhu- "stream; the Indus; country around the Indus."

inelastic collision = hamkubeš-e nākešāyand     هم‌کوبش ِ ناکشایند

Fr.: collision inélastique

A collision between bodies in which there is a loss of total kinetic energy.

→ inelastic; → collision.

inequality = nāhamugi, nābarābari     ناهموگی، نابرابری

Fr.: inégalité

1) A statement of the form a ≠ b, a > b, or a < b, asserting one quantity is greater than or less than another quantity. → equality.
2) An irregularity in the movement of a celestial object in its orbit about another which cannot be explained by their mutual gravitational attraction. Irregularities are often due to perturbation by other neighboring objects.

→ in-; → equality.

inert = laxt (#)     لَخت

Fr.: inerte

Having no inherent power of action, motion, or resistance (opposed to active).
Chemistry: Achemically inactive element, compound or material. → inert gas.

Inert, from Fr. inerte, from L. inertem "unskilled, inactive," from → in- "without" + ars (gen. artis) "skill."

Laxt "sluggish, inert."

inert gas = gāz-e laxt     گاز ِ لَخت

Fr.: gaz rare, ~ inerte

Any one of six gases helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, all of whose atomic shells contain complete numbers of electrons so that the atoms are almost completely chemically inactive. Same as noble gases.

→ inert; → gas.

inertia = laxti (#)     لَختی

Fr.: inertie

Tendency of a body to preserve its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line.

Inertia, from L. inertia "unskillfulness, idleness," from iners (gen. inertis) "unskilled, inactive;" → inert.

Laxti "sluggishness, inertia."

inertia ellipsoid = beyzivār-e laxti     بیضی‌وار ِ لختی

Fr.: ellipsoļde d'inertie

An ellipsoid used in describing the motion of a rotating rigid body. It is stationary with respect to the rotating body, and is determined by the body's moments of inertia.

→ ellipsoid; → inertia.

inertial = laxt (#)     لَخت

Fr.: inertiel, d'inertie

Of or relating to inertia.

From → inertia + → -al.

Laxt, adj. of laxti → inertia

inertial reference frame = cārcub-e bāzbord-e laxt     چارچوب ِ بازبرد ِ لخت

Fr.: référentiel galiléen

A reference frame or coordinate system in which there are no accelerations, only zero or uniform motion in a straight line. According to the special theory of relativity, it is impossible to distinguish between such frames by means of any internal measurement.

→ inertial; → reference; → frame.

inertial mass = jerm-e laxti     جرم ِ لختی

Fr.: masse inertielle

The mass of a body as determined from the acceleration of the body when it is subjected to a force that is not due to gravity.

→ inertial; → mass.

infall = darun-oft     درون‌اُفت

Fr.: chute vers le centre

The fall of matter toward the center of a region of gravitational influence.

Infall, from → in- + → fall.

Darun-oft, from darun- "in, into; within" (Mid.Pers. andarōn "inside," from andar → inter- + rōn "side, direction;" Av. ravan- "(course of a) river") + oft → fall.

inferior = zirin (#)     زیرین

Fr.: inférieure

Lower in place or position; closer to the bottom or base.
Astro.: → inferior conjunction; → inferior culmination; → inferior planet.

From L. inferior "lower," comp. form of inferus (adj.) "that is below or beneath," from infra "below" (→ infrared), cognate with Pers. zir, as below.

Zirin, adj. from zir "below, down," Mid.Pers. azźr "below, under," źr "below, down; low, under," adar "low;" Av. aδara- (adj.), aδairi- (prep.) "below;" cf. Skt. ádhara- "lower;" L. infra (adv., prep.) "below, underneath, beneath," inferus "lower;" O.E. under "under, among"); PIE base *ndher.

inferior conjunction = hamistān-e zirin     هم‌ایستان ِ زیرین

Fr.: conjonction inférieure

The conjunction of an inferior planet with the Sun when the planet is between the Sun and the Earth. → superior conjunction.

→ inferior; → conjunction.

inferior culmination = bālest-e zirin     بالست ِ زیرین

Fr.: culmination inférieure

The meridian transit of a star between the celestial pole and the north point of the horizon. Same as → lower culmination. → superior culmination.

→ inferior; → culmination.

inferior planet = sayyāre-ye zirin (#)     سیاره‌ی ِ زیرین

Fr.: plančte inférieure

A planet that orbits between the Earth and the Sun. Mercury and Venus are the only two inferior planets in the Solar System.

→ inferior; → plančte.

infinite = bipāyān (#)     بی‌پایان

Fr.: infini

Unlimited or unmeasurable in extent of space, duration of time, etc.
Math.: Not finite; an infinite quantity or magnitude; large beyond bound.
Of a set, having elements that can be put into one-to-one correspondence with a subset that is not the given set.

Infinite, from L. infinitus "unbounded, unlimited," from → in- "not" + finitus "defining, definite," from finis "end."

Bipāyān, from bi- "without" + pāyān "end."

infinite set = hangard-e bipāyān     هنگرد ِ بی‌پایان

Fr.: ensemble infini

A set which can be put in a one-to-one correspondence with part of itself.

→ infinite; → set.

infinitesimal = bikarānxord     بی‌کران‌خُرد

Fr.: infinitésimal

General: Indefinitely or exceedingly small.
Math.: A variable that approaches zero as a limit. A quantity decreasing indefinitely without actually becoming zero.

Infinitesimal, coined by Ger. philosopher and mathematician Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) from N.L. infinitesim(us) "infinite in rank," from infinit(us), → infinite, + -esimus suffix of ordinal numerals + → -al.

Bikarānxord, from bikarān "unbounded, unlimited, infinite," from bi- "without" + karān "boundary, side, end" (variants karāné, kenār, from Mid.Pers. karān, karānak, kenār "edge, limit, boundary," Av. karana- "side, boundary, end") + xord "minute, little, small" (from Mid.Pers. xvart, xōrt "small, insignificant;" Av. ādra- "weak, dependent;" Skt. ādhrá- "small, weak, poor," nādh "to be oppressed;" Gk. nothros "sluggish;" PIE base *nhdhro-).

infinitesimal calculus = afmārik-e bikarānxord     افماریک ِ بی‌کران‌خُرد

Fr.: calcul infinitésimal

The body of rules and processes by means of which continuously varying magnitudes are dealt with in → calculus. The combined methods of mathematical analysis of → differential calculus and → integral calculus.

→ infinitesimal → calculus.

infinity = bipāyān (#), bipāyāni (#)     بی‌پایان، بی‌پایانی

Fr.: infini, infinité

That quantity which is greater than any assignable quantity.

Noun form of → infinite.

inflate (v.) = pandāmidan     پندامیدن

Fr.: s'enfler

To become inflated; to increase, especially suddenly and substanially. → inflation → inflatory model.

Inflate, from L. inflatus p.p. of inflare "to blow into, puff up," from → in- "into" + flare "to blow."

Pandāmidan "to swell," from pandām [Mo'in] "swelling;" Borujerdi panām, panam "swellig;" Malāyeri panomidan "to swell;" Laki penamiyen "to swell;" Hamadāni pandumidan "swelling of the eye or other parts of the body;" Kermāni padum kerdan "to swell," padum "swelled; fat, corpulent;" Tāleši pandām, pandom "swelling;" Gilaki pandām kudan "rising of river water caused by flood;" cf. Gk. pneuma "wind; breath," from pnein "to blow; to breathe;" PIE base *pneu- "to breathe." Related terms in other Indo-European languages: O.E. fnaeran "to breathe heavily," fneosan "to snort, sneeze;" M.H.G. pfnusen, pfnehen "to breathe, pant, sniff, snort, sneeze;" Norw. fnysa "to breeze;" M.Du. fniesen, Du. fniezen "to sneeze;" O.H.G. niosan, Ger. niesen "to sneeze."

inflation = pandām     پندام

Fr.: inflation

General: The act of inflating; the state of being inflated.
Cosmology: A brief exponential expansion of the Universe postulated to have occurred 10^-35 seconds after the Big Bang, in response to the separation of the strong nuclear force from the electroweak force. This idea solves the flatness and horizon problems.

Veral noun of → inflate (v.).

inflationary model = model-e pandāmi     مدل ِ پندامی

Fr.: modčle d'inflation

A class of Big Bang models of the Universe that include a finite period of accelerated expansion in their early histories. Such an event would have released enormous energy, stored until then in the vacuum of spacetime. The horizon of the Universe expanded, temporarily, much faster than the speed of light.

Inflationary, adj. of → inflation; → model.

inflow = dartacān     درتچان

Fr.: afflux, débit entrant

The act or process of flowing in or into. Something that flows in or into.
Meteo: Flow of water into a stream, lake, reservoir, container, basin, aquifer system, etc.

Inflow, from → in- + → flow.

inform (v.) = azdāyidan (#)     ازداییدن

Fr.: informer

To impart knowledge of a fact or circumstance.

Inform, from M.E. informen, from O.Fr. enformer, from L. informare "to shape, form, train, instruct, educate," from → in- "into" + → forma "form."

Azdāyidan, from Mid.Pers. azdźnitan "to inform," from azd "information, proclamation; known" (loaned into Arm. azd), from O.Pers. azdā "known," azdā kar "to become known;" Av. azdā "known;" Sogdian 'zd' "informed, known;" cf. Skt. addhā' "manifestly; certainly, truly," addhāti "sage."

informatics = azdāyik (#)     ازداییک

Fr.: informatique

The science concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information. Also called information science, computer science.

Informaics, from informat(ion), → information + → ics.

information = azdāyeš (#)     ازدایش

Fr.: information

Knowledge gained through study, communication, research, instruction, etc.
Knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance; news.
The act or fact of informing.

Verbal noun of → inform (v.).

information science = dāneš-e azdāyeš azdāyik (#)     دانش ِ ازدایش، ازداییک

Fr.: informatique

Same as → informatics.

→ information; → science.

information theory = negare-ye azdāyeš (#)     نگره‌ی ِ ازدایش

Fr.: théorie de l'information

A branch of mathematics that defines, quantifies, and analyzes the concept of information. It involves probability theory in transmission of messages when the bits of information are subject to various distortions.

→ information; → theory.

infrared = forusorx (#)     فروسرخ

Fr.: infrarouge

The invisible part of electromagnetic spectrum possessing wavelengths between those of visible light and those of radio waves, i.e. approximately between about 0.75 and 1000 μm.

From L. infra (adv., prep.) "below, underneath, beneath," inferus "lower," from PIE *ndher; cf. Av. aδara- (adj.), aδairi- (prep.) "below;" Mid.Pers. źr "below, down; low, under," adar "low," azźr "below, under" (Mod.Pers. zir "below, down"); Skt. ádhara- "lower;" O.E. under "under, among"); → red.

Forusorx, from foru "down, downwards; below; beneath;" Mid.Pers. frōt "down, downwards;" O.Pers. fravata "forward, downward;" cf. Skt. pravát- "a sloping path, the slope of a mountain," + sorx → red.

infrared array = ārast-e forusorx     آرست ِ فروسرخ

Fr.: détecteur mosaļque infrarouge

A two-dimensional infrared imaging device, consisting of an array of small, individual electronic detectors, each of which records a pixel in the image.

→ infrared; → array.

Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) = māhvāre-ye axtaršenāxti-e forusorx (#)     ماهواره‌ی ِ اخترشناختی ِ فروسرخ

Fr.: satellite astronomique infrarouge

An orbiting infrared telescope (60 cm mirror) which successfully operated from launch in January 1983 until the supply of coolant ran out in November 1983. It was a collaborative mission between NASA, the Netherlands, and the UK, and mapped 95% of the whole sky in the wavelength bands 12, 25, 60, and 100 microns.

→ infrared; → astronomical; → satellite.

infrared astronomy = axtaršenāsi-ye forusorx (#)     اخترشناسی ِ فروسرخ

Fr.: astronomie infrarouge

The study of infrared properties of astronomical objects.

→ infrared; → astronomy.

infrared cirrus = sirus-e forusorx (#)     سیروس ِ فروسرخ

Fr.: cirrus infrarouge

Wispy, extended structures seen above and below the plane of the Galaxy in the infrared maps of the sky (60-100 microns) produced by the → InfraredAstronomical Satellite (IRAS).

→ infrared; L. cirrus "curl, tuft, plant filament like a tuft of hair."

infrared detector = āškārgar-e forusorx (#)     آشکارگر ِ فروسرخ

Fr.: détecteur infrarouge

A thermal device for observing and measuring infrared radiation.

→ infrared; → detector.

infrared excess = fozuni-ye forusorx, ferehbud-e ~     فزونی ِ فروسرخ، فرهبود ِ ~

Fr.: excčs infrarouge

Infrared emission from a star in excess of that expected from a black body with the temperature corresponding to the temperature of the star.

→ infrared; → excess.

infrared galaxy = kahkešān-e forusorx (#)     کهکشان ِ فروسرخ

Fr.: galaxie infrarouge

A galaxy that emits most of its energy in the infrared region of the spectrum. Such galaxies are thought to have unusually high rates of star formation and are also described as starburst galaxies.

→ infrared; → galaxy.

infrared imaging = tasvirgari-ye forusorx (#)     تصویرگری ِ فروسرخ

Fr.: imagerie infrarouge

Imaging with an infrared detctor.

→ infrared; → imaging.

infrared radiation = tābeš-e forusorx (#)     تابش ِ فروسرخ

Fr.: rayonnement infrarouge

That part of the electromagnetic spectrum that lies beyond the red, and has wavelengths from about 7500 Å to a few millimeters (about 10¹¹-10¹⁴ Hz).

→ infrared; → radiation.

infrared survey = bardid-e forusorx     بردید ِ فروسرخ

Fr.: relevé infrarouge

Observing a large area of sky (or the whole sky) in infrared wavelengths.

→ infrared; → survey.

infrared telescope = durbin-e forusorx (#), teleskop-e ~ (#)     دوربین ِ فروسرخ، تلسکوپ ِ ~

Fr.: télescope infrarouge

A telescope capable of observing infrared radiation from astronomical objects.

→ infrared; → telescope.

infrared window = rowzane-ye forusorx (#)     روزنه‌ی ِ فروسرخ

Fr.: fenźtre infrarouge

A range of infrared wavelengths to which the Earth's atmosphere is relatively transparent, and at which observations can be made from the ground. Infrared windows are found near wavelengths of 1.25, 1.65, 2.2, 3.6, 5.0, 10, 20, and 30 microns, and beyond 300 microns.

→ infrared; → window.

ingress = darungām     درونگام

Fr.: immersion

Same as → immersion.

From → in- + gress → egress.

inhomogeneity = nāhamgeni (#)     ناهمگنی

Fr.: inhomogénéité

The condition or an instance of not being homogeneous.

→ in- "not" + → homogeneity.

inhomogeneous = nāhamgen (#)     ناهمگن

Fr.: inhomogčne

Lack of homogeneity; something that is not → homogeneous.

→ in- "not" + → homogeneous.

initial = āqāzin (#)     آغازین

Fr.: initial

Of, pertaining to, or occurring at the beginning.

Initial, from L. initialis, from initium "a beginning, an entrance," from p.p. stem of inire "to go into, begin," from → in- + ire "to go," → ion.

Āqāzin "pertaing to the beginning," from āqāz "beginning," from Proto-Iranian *āgāza-, from prefix ā- + *gāz- "to take, receive," cf. Sogdian āγāz "beginning, start," pcγz "reception, taking."

initial conditions = butārhā-ye āqāzin     بوتارهای ِ آغازین

Fr.: conditions initiales

Conditions at an initial time t = t₀ from which a physical system or a given set of mathematical equations evolves.
Meteo.: A prescription of the state of a dynamical system at a specified time; for all subsequent times, the equations of motion and boundary conditions determine the state of the system.

→ initial; → condition.

initial mass = jerm-e āqāzin (#)     جرم ِ آغازین

Fr.: masse initiale

The mass of a star at its arrival on the main sequence.

→ initial; → mass.

initial mass function (IMF) = karyā-ye āqāzin-e jerm     کریا‌ی ِ آغازین ِ جرم

Fr.: fonction initiale de masse

A mathematical expression describing the relative number of stars found in different ranges of mass for a cluster of stars at the time of its formation.

→ initial; → mass; → function.

initial singularity = takini-ye āqāzin (#)     تکینی ِ آغازین

Fr.: singularité initiale

An instant of infinite density, infinite pressure, and infinite temperature where the equations of general relativity break down, if the standard Big Bang theory is extrapolated all the way back to time zero. → singularity.

→ initial; → singularity.

inject (v.) = darešāndan     در‌اِشاندن

Fr.: injecter

To force into a passage, cavity, or tissue. Verbal form of → injection.

Inject, from L. injectus, p.p. of injicere "to throw in or on," from → in- "in" + -icere, combining form of jacere "to throw."

Darešāndan, from dar- → in + ešāndan (Hamadāni dialect) "to throw out," owštan (Laki dialect) "to throw, to shoot (with bow and arrow);" šane (Lori) "throwing," šane kerde (Lori) "to throw;" Av. ah- "to throw," ahya- "throws," asta- "thrown, shot," astar- "thrower, shooter;" cf. Khotanese ah- "to throw, shoot;" Skt. as- "to throw, shoot," ásyati "throws," ásana- "throw, shot."

injection = darešāneš     در‌اِشانش

Fr.: injection

The act of injecting. Something that is injected.
The process of introducing electrons or holes into a semiconductor so that their total number exceeds the number present at thermal equilibrium. → hole injection.
Math.: A one-to-one mapping.

Verbal noun of → inject (v.).

inner = daruni (#)     درونی

Fr.: interne

Situated within or farther within; interior.

From O.E. inra, comparative of inne (adv.) "inside;" → in-.

Daruni, adj. of darun "in, into; within" (Mid.Pers. andarōn "inside," from andar → inter- + rōn "side, direction;" Av. ravan- "(course of a) river").

inner Lagrangian point = noqte-ye Lagrange-e daruni (#)     نقطه‌ی ِ لاگرانژ ِ درونی

Fr.: point de Lagrange interne

One of the five Lagrangian points (L1) in a two-body system. It lies between the two bodies on the line passing through their center of mass. Mass transfer occurs through this point in a close binary star system.

→ inner; → Lagrangian points.

inner planets = sayārehā-ye daruni (#)     سیاره‌های ِ درونی

Fr.: plančtes internes

The planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars collectively. T hey are also known as the terrestrial planets.

→ inner; → planet.

in phase = hamfāz (#)     هم‌فاز

Fr.: en phase

The condition which exists when two waves of the same frequency pass through their maximum and minimum values in a correlated or synchronized way.

→ in; → phase.

Hamfāz, from ham- "together," → com- + fāz → phase.

input = dardād (#), darundād (#)     درداد، درونداد

Fr.: entrée

1) The current, voltage, or driving force applied to an electric or electronic circuit or device.
2) Computers: Data which is transferred from outer external storage elements to the internal storage of a computer. → output.

From → in- + put, from M.E. put(t)en "to push, thrust, put;" O.E. *putian.

Dardād, darundād, from dar-, darun "in" → in-, → intra- + dād "given," p.p. of dādan "to give" (Mid.Pers. dādan "to give," O.Pers./Av. dā- "to give, grant, yield," akin to L. data, → datum).

inscribe (v.) = darveštan     دروِشتن

Fr.: inscrire

To mark with words, characters, etc., especially in a durable or conspicuous way.
Geometry: To draw within another figure so that the inner lies entirely within the boundary of the outer, touching it at as many points as possible: e.g. to inscribe a circle in a square.

From L. inscribere, from → in- + scribere "to write," from PIE *skreibh- (cf. Gk. skariphasthai "to scratch an outline, sketch;" Lett. skripat "scratch, write;" 0 O.N. hrifa "scratch"); PIE base *sker- "cut, incise."

Darveštan, darvisidan (on the model of neveštan, nevisidan "to write"), from dar- → in- + vešt-, vis- (see below) + -idan infinitive suffix. Vešt-, vis- from Mid.Pers. bišt-, bis- (nibištan, nibes- "to write"), from O.Pers. pais- "to adorn, cut, engrave," Av. paēs- "to paint, adorn," paēsa- "adornment," Mid.Pers. pēsīdan "to adorn;" cf. Skt. piśáti "adorns; cuts;" Gk. poikilos "multicolored;" L. pingit "embroiders, paints;" O.C.S. pisati "to write;" O.H.G. fēh "multicolored;" Lith. piēšti "to draw, adorn;" PIE base *peik- "colored, speckled."

inscribed angle = zāviye-ye davešté     زاویه‌ی ِ دروِشته

Fr.: angle inscrit

An angle whose vertex lies on a circle and whose sides are chords of the circle.

Inscribed p.p. of → inscribe (v.); → angle.

insolation = xortābgiri (#)     خورتاب‌گیری

Fr.: insolation

The amount of radiative energy received from the Sun per unit area per unit time.

Insolation, from L. insolatus p.p. of insolare "to place in the sun," from → in- + sol → sun + -ation a suffix denoting action or condition.

Xortābgiri, from xor "sun," cognate with L. sol → sun + tāb "light; heat, warmth; illuminating," from tābidan, tāftan "to shine," tafsidan "to become hot" (Av. tāp-, taf- "to warm up, heat," tafsat "became hot," tāpaiieiti "to create warmth;" cf. Skt. tap- "to spoil, injure, damage; to suffer; to heat, be/become hot," tapati "burns;" L. tepere "to be warm," tepidus "warm;" PIE base *tep- "warm") + giri verbal noun of gereftan "to take, seize" (Mid.Pers. griftan, Av./O.Pers. grab- "to take, seize," cf. Skt. grah-, grabh- "to seize, take," graha "seizing, holding, perceiving," M.L.G. grabben "to grab," from P.Gmc. *grab, E. grab "to take or grasp suddenly;" PIE base *ghrebh- "to seize").

instability = nāpāydāri (#)     ناپایداری

Fr.: instabilité

The condition of a system when it is disturbed by internal or external forces. The system continues to depart from the original condition, in contrast to a stable system, which will return to its previous condition when disturbed.

From → in- "not" + → stability

instability strip = navār-e nāpāydāri     نوار ِ ناپایداری

Fr.: bande de l'instabilité

A region of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram occupied by pulsating variable stars. The strip delineates combinations of luminosity and temperature corresponding to unstable states that result in regular pulsations of a star's outer layers.

→ instability; → strip.

instant = lahzé (#), dam (#)     لحظه، دَم

Fr.: instant

An infinitesimal or very short space of time; a moment.
A particular moment, as the instant of first contact during an eclipse.

From O.Fr. instant (adj.) "assiduous, at hand," from from L. instantem "present, pressing, urgent," pr.p. of instare "to urge, to stand near, be present (to urge one's case)," from → in- + stare "to stand," cognate with Pers. ist-, istādan "to stand" (O.Pers./Av. sta- "to stand, stand still; set;" Skt. sthâ- "to stand;" L. stare "to stand;" Lith. statau "place;" Goth. standan); PIE base *sta- "to stand."

Lahzé, from Ar. laHZat, laHZa "glance; moment."
Dam "breath; moment; time," from Mod./Mid.Pers. damidan "to breathe, blow;" Av. dāδmainya- "blowing up," Skt. dahm- "to blow," dhámati "blows," Gk. themeros "austere, dark-looking," Lith. dumti "to blow," PIE dhem-/dhemə- "to smoke, to blow".

instrument = sāzāl     سازال

Fr.: instrument

A measuring device designed to record the present value of a quantity under observation.

From O.Fr. instrument, from L. instrumentem "a tool, apparatus, furniture," from instruere "to arrange, furnish," from → in- + struc- (var. s. of struere "to put together") + -tus p.p. suffix.

Sāzāl, from sāz "(musical) instrument; apparatus; harness; furniture," from sāzidan, sāxtan "to build, make, fashion; to adapt, adjust, be fit" (from Mid.Pers. sāxtan, sāz-, Manichean Parthian s'c'dn "to prepare, to form;" Av. sak- "to understand, to mark," sācaya- (causative) "to teach") + -āl → -al.

instrumental = sāzāli     سازالی

Fr.: instrumentale

Of, relating to, or performed by or with one or more instruments.

Adj. of → instrument.

instrumental broadening = pahneš-e sāzāli     پهنش ِ سازالی

Fr.: élargissement instrumental

The boradening of a point source caused by the response functions of the telescope and the instrument used.

→ instrumental; → broadening.

instrumental flexure = caftegi-ye sāzāl     چفتگی ِ سازال

Fr.: flexion d'instrument

An image defect caused by the mechanical flexure of materials; for example the curved-shape image of a long slit in a spectrograph.

→ instrumental; flexure, from L. flexura "a bending, turning, winding," from flectere "to bend, turn."

Caftegi, from caftidan "to bend, incline," cafté "curved, bent;" sāzāli → instrumental.

instrumentalist = sāzālgar     سازالگر

Fr.: instrumentaliste

An astronomer, engineer, or technician who is concerned with the construction of astronomical instruments.

From → instrumental + -ist a suffix denoting a person who practices or is concerned with something.

Sāzālgar, from sāzāl → instrumental + -gar a suffix denoting a person who practices or is concerned with something, from kar-, kardan "to do, to make" (Mid.Pers. kardan, O.Pers./Av. kar- "to do, make, build," Av. kərənaoiti "makes," cf. Skt. kr- "to do, to make," krnoti "makes," karma "act, deed;" PIE base k^wer- "to do, to make").

instrumental profile = farāpāl-e sāzāli     فراپال ِ سازالی

Fr.: profil instrumental

The shape of instrument's response to the input signal. The Fourier transform of the source function by the instrument function.

→ instrumental; → profile.

instrumental response function = karyā-ye pāsox-e sāzāl     کریای ِ پاسخ ِ سازال

Fr.: fonction de la réponse instrumentale

The mathematical form of the way an instrument affects the input signal.

→ instrumental; → response; → function.

instrumentation = sāzālgari     سازال‌گری

Fr.: instrumentation

1) The design and use of scientific instruments for detection, measurement, control, computation, and so on.
2) The ensemble of instruments contained in a given machine or system.

From → instrument + -ation a combination of -ate and -ion, used to form verbal nouns.

Sāzālgari, noun from sāzālgar → instrumentalist.

instrument error = irang-e sāzāl, xatā-ye ~     ایرنگ ِ سازال، خطای ِ ~

Fr.: erreur instrumentale

The correctable part of the inaccuracy of a measuring instrument.

→ instrument → error.

integer number = adad-e dorust (#)     عدد ِ درست

Fr.: nombre entier

Any member of the set consisting of positive and negative whole numberss and zero. Examples: -5, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 5.

Integer, from L. integer "whole," literally "intact, untouched," from → in- "not" + root of tangere "to touch;" → number.

'Adad → number; dorost "whole, complete; healthy; right," → integral.

integral = dorostāl     دُرُستال

Fr.: integral

1) Consisting of whole numbers or integers.
2) Mathematical function obtained by the process of → integration.

Integral, from M.Fr. intégral, from M.L. integralis "forming a whole," → integer "whole."

Dorostāl, from dorost "whole, complete; healthy; right," related to dorud "benediction, praise, thanksgiving," from Mid.Pers. drust "whole; healthy; well, right," drōd "health, thriving;" O.Pers. duruva- "firm, certain, immune;" Av. druua- "healthy;" cf. Skt. dhruvá- fixed, firm, immovable, lasting, certain;" Rus. zdorovyjj "healthy" + -āl → -al.

integral calculus = afmārik-e dorostāli     افماریک ِ دُرُستالی

Fr.: calcul intégral

Branch of the calculus that deals with integration and its use in finding volumes, areas, equations of curves, solutions of differential equations, etc.

→ integral; → calculus.

integral equation = hamugeš-e dorostāli     هموگش ِ دُرُستالی

Fr.: équation intégrale

An equation involving an unknown function that appears as part of an integrand.

→ integral; → equation.

integral function = karyā-ye dorostāli     کریای ِ دُرُستالی

Fr.: fonction intégrale

A function whose image is a subset of the integers, i.e. that takes only integer values.

→ integral; → function.

integral operator = āpārgar-e dorostāli     آپارگر ِ دُرُستالی

Fr.: opérateur intégral

Math.: An operator whose inverse is a differential operator.

→ integral; → operator.

integrand = dorostālān     دُرُستالان

Fr.: integrand

The function which is being integrated in a given integral.

From L. integrandum, noun use of neuter of integrandus, gerundive of integrare → integrate (v.).

Dorostālān, pr.p. of dorostālidan → integrate (v.).

integrate (v.) = dorostālidan, dorostāl gereftan     دُرُستالیدن، دُرُستال‌گرفتن

Fr.: intégrer

1) To carry out the mathematical operation of → integration.
2) To add up photons when exposing a detector to incoming light through the telescope.

From L. integratus p.p. of integrare "to renew, restore," → integer + -ate a verb forming suffix.

Dorostālidan, infinitive of dorostāl → integral; dorostāl gereftan "to take (an) integral;" gereftan "to take, seize" (Mid.Pers. griftan, Av./O.Pers. grab- "to take, seize," cf. Skt. grah-, grabh- "to seize, take," graha "seizing, holding, perceiving," M.L.G. grabben "to grab," from P.Gmc. *grab, E. grab "to take or grasp suddenly;" PIE base *ghrebh- "to seize").

integrated circuit = barqrāh-e yekpārxcé, ~ dorostālidé     برقراه ِ یکپارچه، ~ دُرُستالیده

Fr.: circuit intégré

A circuit whose components are found on a single semiconductor substrate.

Integrated, p.p. of → integrate (v.); → circuit.

integrated electronics = elektronik-e dorostālidé     الکترونیک ِ یکپارچه، ~ دُرُستالیده

Fr.: électronique intégrée

The branch of electronics that deals with integrated circuits, especially the interdependence of material, circuits, and design.

Integrated, p.p. of → integrate (v.); → electronics.

integrated magnitude = borz-e dorostālidé     برز ِ دُرُستالیده

Fr.: magnitude intégrée

The magnitude an extended object (nebula, galaxy,etc.) would have if all of its light were concentrated into a point source

Integrated, p.p. of → integrate (v.); → magnitude.

integration = dorostāleš, dorostālgiri     دُرُستالش، دُرُستال‌گیری

Fr.: intégration

In calculus the operation which consists of finding the areas enclosed by curves through the summations of infinitesimals. The inverse process of differentiation.

Verbal noun of → integrate (v.).

integration time = zamān-e dorostāleš     زمان ِ دُرُستالش

Fr.: temps d'intégration

The time during which a detector integrates the incoming photons.

→ integration; → time.

intelligence = huš (#)     هوش

Fr.: intelligence

A property of the mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity.
Machines: The ability of a device, program, or system to solve problems more automatically or more skillfully than competitive systems.

From O.Fr. intelligence, from L. intelligentia "understanding," from intelligentem (nom. intelligens) "discerning," pr.p. of intelligere "to understand, comprehend," from → inter- "between" + legere "choose, pick out, read;" PIE base *leg- "to pick together, gather, collect;" cf. Gk. legein "to say, tell, speak, declare," originally, in Homer "to pick out, select, collect, enumerate;" lexis "speech, diction;" logos "word, speech, thought."

Huš, from Mid.Pers. hōš "intellect, understanding; mind," from Av. uši- "intelligence, understanding; mind," uši.darθra- "holding in mind."

intense = dartanu     درتنو

Fr.: intense

Existing or occurring in a high or extreme degree. → tense = tanu (تنو).

From M.Fr. intense, from L. intensus "stretched, strained, tight," originally p.p. of intendere "to stretch out, strain," from in- "toward" + tendere "to stretch;" from PIE base *ten- "to stretch;" cf. Pers. tanidan "to spin, twist, weave," as below.

ātanu, from ā- affirmative prefix + tanu "stretched, strained," from tan + -u suffix of excess. The middle element tan, from tanidan "to spin, twist, weave" (Mid.Pers. tanitan; Av. tan- to stretch, extend;" cf. Skt. tan- to spin, stretch;" tanoti "stretches," tantram "loom;" Gk. teinein "to stretch, pull tight;" L. tendere "to stretch; PIE base *ten- "to stretch"), Pers. tār "string," tān "thread," tur "fishing net, net, snare," and tāl "thread" (Borujerdi dialect) belong to this family; variants tanta "cobweb," tanadu, tafen, kartané, kārtané, kātené, Pashtu tanistah "cobweb;" cf. Skt. tantu- "cobweb, thread, string").

intensification = dartanuyeš     درتنویش

Fr.: intensification

The action of making or becoming stronger or more extreme.

verbal noun of → intensify (v.)

intensifier = dartanugar     درتنوگر

Fr.: intensificateur

Something that intensifies.
Substance used to increase the density or contrast of an image on a photographic film or plate.

Agent noun of → intensify (v.)

intensify (v.) = dartanuyidan     درتنوییدن

Fr.: intensifier

To make intense or more intense.
To increase the density and contrast of a photographic image by chemical treatment.

From → intense + -ify variant of -fy after a consonant, from O.Fr. fier, from L. -ficare "to do, make."

intensity = dartanuyi     درتنویی

Fr.: intensité

General: The quality or condition of being intense.
Physics: Strength, as of energy or a force per unit of area, solid angle, time, etc.; e.g. → electric intensity; → magnetic intensity.

From → intense + → -ity.

Dartanuyi state, condition noun of dartanu → intense.

intensity of a line = dartanuyi-ye xatt     درتنویی ِ خط

Fr.: intensité de raie

The height of a spectral line above the continuum base.

→ intensity; → line.

intensity of radiation = datanuyi-e tābeš     درتنویی ِ تابش

Fr.: intensité de rayonnement

The rate of emitted energy from unit surface area through unit solid angle. The radiation from a surface has different intensities in different directions.

→ intensity; → radiation.

inter- = andar- (#)     اندر-

Fr.: inter-

A prefix denoting "between, among, mutually, reciprocally."

Inter-, from L. inter (prep., adj.) "among, between," from PIE *enter "between, among" (cf. Pers. andar-, as below; Skt. antár; Gk. entera (pl.) "intestines," O.Ir. eter; O.Welsh ithr "among, between;" O.H.G. untar; O.E. under "under"), from *en- "in" + *-ter comparative suffix.

Mod.Pers. andar "in, into, within" (added to the words pedar "father," mādar "mother," barādar "brother," xāhar "sister," it implies "step-father, step-mother, half-brother, half-sister" respectively), from Mid.Pers. andar "in, among, concerning;" O.Pers. anatr, Av. antarə' (adv., prep., prev.), antarə (adv., prev.), "inside, intra, within, between;" also Av. antara- (adj.) "interior;" cf. Skt. ántara- "interior, adjacent to; intimate, dear;" from PIE *enter, as above.
The Av. antarə' is used with verbal stems to create abstract actions. For example, antarə'-mruyē "to prohibit," from antare- "inter-" + mruyē "to speak," from root mrū- "to speak, say." This is exactly the same pattern as L. inter-dicere "to interdict, forbid, prohibit," from inter-, as above, + dicere "to speak." The Av. antare- is used with another verb to produce the same sense: antarə-uxti "to interdict," from antarə- + uxti "to speak, to say." E. Benveniste (1975) made an interesting investigation on the origin of the "to speak inside" paradigm for the concept of interdiction. He argues that inter- derives in fact from *en-ter, the second component, while being a comparative form, introduces the notion of separation. His conclusion is that antarə-mruyē or inter-dicere mean "to pronounce inside (a group) so as to separate (or isolate somebody)." According to Benveniste, the Av. terms are the oldest forms in the Indo-European languages which convey an important piece of information about an aspect of Indo-European life/tradition in pre-historic times.

interact (v.) = andaržiridan     اندرژیریدن

Fr.: interagir

To act upon one another; have a mutual or reciprocal action.

Iteract, from → inter- + → act.

interacting binary = dorin-e andaržirandé     دورین ِ اندرژیرنده

Fr.: binaire en interaction

A binary star system in which mass transfer between the components takes place. → contact binary; → Roche lobe.

Iteracting, adj. of → interact (v.); → binary.

interacting galaxies = kahkešānhā-ye andaržandé     کهکشان‌های ِ اندرژیرنده

Fr.: galaxies en interaction

Galaxies that are close enough for their mutual gravitational attraction to produce perturbed shapes or extruded filaments of stellar material, called → tidal tails. Most galaxies are in clusters, and gravitational interactions between them are common.

Iteracting, adj. of → interact (v.); → galaxy.

interaction = andaržireš     اندرژیرش

Fr.: interaction

Mutual or reciprocal action or influence.
Physics: The natural phenomenon of the transfert of energy beyween two particles. The four known kinds of interactions, in the order of increasing strength, are: gravitational, weak, electromagnetic, and strong.

Iteraction, from → inter-; + → action.

interactional = andaržireši     اندرژیرشی

Fr.:

Capable of acting on or influencing each other

From → interaction; + → -al.

interactive = andaržiri     اندرژیری

Fr.: interactif

Acting one upon or with the other.
Computers: Of or pertaining to a system or program that maintains an exchange with the user, alternately accepting input and then responding.

→ inter-; → active.

interarm region = nāhiye-ye andarbāzu, ~ andararm     ناحیه‌ی ِ اندربازو، ~ ِ اندر-ا َرم

Fr.: région interbras

A low-desity region separating the spiral arms of a galaxy.

Interarm, from → inter- + arm "body part," from O.E. earm "arm," from P.Gmc. *armaz (cf. M.Du., Ger. arm, O.N. armr, O.Fris. erm), from PIE base *ar- "to fit, join;" Mod.Pers. arm "arm, from the elbow to the shoulder;" Av. arma-, arəmo- "arm;" Skt. irma- "arm;" Gk. arthron "a joint," L. armus "shoulder;" → region.

Andarbāzu, from andar- → inter- + bāzu "arm," from Mid.Pers. bāzūk "arm;" Av. bāzu- "arm;" cf. Skt. bāhu- "arm, forearm;" Gk. pechys "forearm, arm, ell;" O.H.G. buog "shoulder;" Ger. Bug "shoulder;" Du. boeg; O.E. bōg, bōh "shoulder, bough;" E. bough " a branch of a tree;" PIE *bhaghu- "arm"); nahiyé → region. Andararm, from andar- → inter- + arm, as above.

interatomic = andaratomi     اندر-اتومی

Fr.: interatomique

Between atoms; relating to the interaction of different atoms.

→ inter-; → atomic.

intercalary = andarheli     اندرهلی

Fr.: intercalaire

Adj. of → intercalation; having such a day or month inserted. → bissextile.

From L. intercalarius, from ntercal(are) → intercalate (v.) + -arius "-ary."

Andarheli adj. of andarhel → intercalate (v.).

intercalate (v.) = andarhelidan, andarheštan     اندرهلیدن، اندرهشتن

Fr.: intercaler

To insert (an extra day, month, etc.) in the calendar to make it follow the seasons or moon phases.

From L. intercalatus p.p. of intercalare "to proclaim the insertion of an intercalary day or month," from → inter- + calare "to proclaim, announce solemnly;" → calendar.

Andarhelidan, andarheštan "to insert," from andar- → inter- + helidan, heštan "to place, put" from Mid.Pers. hištan, hilidan "to let, set, leave, abandon," Parthian Mid.Pers. hyrz; O.Pers. hard- "to send forth," ava.hard- "to abandon;" Av. harəz- "to discharge, send out; to filter;" hərəzaiti "releases, shoots;" cf. Skt. srj- "to let go or fly, throw, cast, emit, put forth;" Pali sajati "to let loose, send forth."

intercalation = andarhel     اندرهل

Fr.: intercalation

The act of intercalating; insertion. Something that is intercalated.
Astro.: An insertion into a calendar, → intercalate (v.).
Geology: The presence of a body of rock interbedded with another body of different rock.

The verbal noun of → intercalate (v.).

intercloud medium = madim-e andarabri     مدیم ِ اندر-ابری

Fr.: milieu internuage

A medium in which several molecular clouds are situated.

→ inter- + → cloud + → medium.

interclump medium = madim-e andargude-yi     مدیم ِ اندرگوده‌ای

Fr.:

The diffuse medium between clumps inside molecular clouds.

→ inter- + → clump + → medium.

intercluster medium = madim-e andarxuše-yi     مدیم ِ اندرخوشه‌ای

Fr.: milieu interamas

The matter lying between the clusters of galaxies in an aggregation of such clusters.

→ inter- + → cluster + → medium.

interface = andardim     اندردیم

Fr.: interface

General: A surface regarded as the common boundary of two bodies, or two parts of a system, whether material or nonmaterial.
Astron.: The intersection zone between a hot H II region and its associated cold molecualr cloud.
Chemistry: The area where two immiscible phases of a dispersion come into contact.
Computers: A mechanical equipment or logical program that communicates information from one system of computing devices or programs to another.

Interface, from → inter- + face from O.Fr. face, from L. facies "appearance, form; visage, countenance."

Andardim, from andar → inter- + dim "face," from Av. daēman- "eye," from dā(y)- "to see," didāti "sees" (cf. Mod.Pers. didan "to see," Mid.Pers. ditan "to see, regard, catch sight of, contemplate, experience;" O.Pers. dī- "to see;" Skt. dhī- "to perceive, think, ponder; thought, reflection, meditation," dādhye; Gk. dedorka "have seen").

interfere (v.) = andarzadan     اندرزدن

Fr.: interférer

Physics: To cause → interference.

Interfere, from M.Fr. entreferer "to strike each other," from entre → inter- + ferir "to strike," from L. ferire "to knock, strike."

Andarzadan, from andar → inter- + zadan "to strike, beat," from Mid.Pers. zatan, žatan; O.Pers./Av. jan-, gan- "to strike, hit, smite, kill" (jantar- "smiter"); cf. Skt. han- "to strike, beat" (hantar- "smiter, killer"); Gk. theinein "to strike;" L. fendere "to strike, push;" Gmc. *gundjo "war, battle;" PIE *g^when- "to strike, kill."

interference = andarzaneš     اندرزنش

Fr.: interférence

The process whereby the amplitudes of two or more similar waves with a regular phase relationship are systematically attenuated and reinforced.

Interference, from → interfere (v.) + -ence a noun suffix equivalent to -ance, corresponding to the suffix -ent in adjectives.

Andarzaneš, verbal noun of andarzadan → interfere (v.).

interference filter = pālāye-ye andarzaneši     پالایه‌ی ِ اندرزنشی

Fr.: filtre interférentiel

A filter that uses the phenomenon of optical interferences between plane-parallel semi-transparent reflectors to transmit light selectively over a narrow wavelength band.

→ interference; → filter.

interference fringe = fariz-e andarzaneši     فریز ِ اندرزنشی

Fr.: franges d'interférence

One of the alternating bright or dark bands produced by optical interference.

→ interference; → fringe.

interference order = rāye-ye andarzaneš     رایه‌ی ِ اندرزنش

Fr.: ordre d'interférence

→ order of interference.

→ interference; → order.

interference pattern = olgu-ye andarzaneš     الگوی ِ اندرزنش

Fr.: figure d'interférence

A wave pattern that results when two or more waves interfere with each other, generally showing → interference fringes. In acoustics, the interference pattern appear as the effect of → beats.

→ interference; → pattern.

interferometer = andarzanešsanj     اندرزنش‌سنج

Fr.: interféromčtre

1) Physics: A device that divides a beam of light into a number of beams and re-unites them to produce → interference. → Fabry-Perot interferometer; → Michelson interferometer.
2) Astro.: An arrangement of two or more separate telescopes placed at some distance from one another, each one receiving electromagnetic radiation (optical, infrared, or radio) from a celestial object and brought together to form an interference pattern.

Interferometer, from interfer → interfer (v.) + -o- a connective/euphonic infix + → -meter.

Andarzanešsanj, from andarzaneš → interference + -sanj → -meter.

interferometric array = ārast-e andarzanešsanji     آرست ِ اندرزنش‌سنجی

Fr.: réseau interférométrique

A system of several telescopes coupled together in a particular configuration to carry out interferometry.

Interferometric, adj. of → interferometry; → array.

interferometry = andarzanešsanji     اندرزنش‌سنجی

Fr.: interférométrie

The technique and study of the → interference phenomenon produced by coherent electromagnetic waves.
Astro.: An observational technique that uses the interference phenomenon to substantially increase the resolving power of telescopes.

Interferometry, from interfer, → interfer (v.), + -o- a connective/euphonic infix + → -metry.

intergalactic absorption = daršam-e andarkahkešāni     درشم ِ اندرکهکشانی

Fr.: absorption intergalactique

Absorption features in the spectra of bright sources like quasars attributed to a tenuous matter filling the medium between galaxies.

→ inter- + → galactic + → absorption.

intergalactic matter = mādde-ye andarkahkešāni     مادّه‌ی ِ اندرکهکشانی

Fr.: matičre intergalactique

Very low density material found indirectly in the space between galaxies. → intergalactic absorption.

→ inter- + → galactic + → matter.

intergalactic medium = madim-e andarkahkešāni     مدیم ِ اندرکهکشانی

Fr.: milieu intergalactique

The matter or environment between the galaxies of a cluster.

→ inter- + → galactic + → medium.

interior = daruné (#)     درونه

Fr.: intérieur

The internal or inner part. → differentiated interior.

From L. interior "inner," comparative adj. of inter "within."

Daruné, from darun "in, into; within" (Mid.Pers. andarōn "inside," from andar → inter- + rōn "side, direction;" Av. ravan- "(course of a) river") + -é nuance suffix.

intermediate = myiāni (#), andarmiyāni (#), miyānji (#)     میانی، اندرمیانی، میانجی

Fr.: intermédiaire

(Adj.) Being or acting at the middle place or stage, or between extremes. (n.) A person who acts between others; intermediary; mediator.

Intermediate, from M.L. intermediatus "lying between," from L. intermedius "that which is between," from → inter- "between" + medius "located in the middle;" PIE root *medhyo- "middle;" cf. Pers. miyān, as below; Av. maidiia-, Skt. mádhya-; Gk. medos, messos "middle;"

Miyāni, adj. of miyān "within, between, center," from Mid.Pers. mayān "middle; among, between," Av. maidiia- "middle, the middle," maiδiiāna- "middle, center;" cf. Skt. mádhya- "middle, located in the middle;" G.H.G. mitti "located in the middle."
Andarmiyāni, adj. of andarmiyān "in the middle," from andar- → inter- + miyān, as above.
Miyānji "intermediary, mediator," from Mid.Pers. mayānjig, from mayān.

intermediate boson = boson-e miyānji     بوسون ِ میانجی

Fr.: boson intermédiaire

A hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the weak interaction, carrying its effect from one particle to another as the photon does for electromagnetic interactions. First introduced in 1961 by Sheldon Glashow.

→ intermediate; → boson.

intermediate infrared = forusorx-e miyāni (#)     فروسرخ ِ میانی

Fr.: infrarouge moyen

The infrared radiation with wavelengths between about 1.5 and 20 microns. → near infrared; → far infrared.

→ intermediate; → infrared.

intermediate mass star = setāre-ye miyānjerm     ستاره‌ی ِ میان‌جرم

Fr.: étoile de masse intermédiare

A star whose mass lies in the range about 2 to 8 solar masses approximately.

→ intermediate; → mass; → star.

intermittency = raftomānd (#)     رفت-و-ماند

Fr.: intermittence

A property of a dynamical system (e.g., turbulence) characterized by chaotic, irregular behavior occurring between quiet (or less irregular) periods.

From L. intermittent, pr.p. of intermittere "to leave a space between, drop (for a while), leave off," from → inter- + mittere "to send, let go."

Raftomānd, literally "to go and to stop," from raft past stem of raftan "to go, walk, proceed" (present stem row-); Mid.Pers. raftan, raw-, Proto-Iranian *rab/f- "to go; to attack") + -o- euphonic infix + mānd past stem of māndan "to remain, stay, relinquish, leave" (Mid.Pers. māndan "to remain, stay," mān "house, home;" O.Pers. mān- "to remain, dwell;" Av. man- "to remain, dwell; to wait;" cf. Gk. menein "to remain;" L. manere "to stay, remain, abide," mansio "a staying, a remaining, night quarters, station" (Fr. maison, ménage; E. manor, mansion, permanent; PIE *men- "to remain, wait for").

intermittent = raftomāndi (#)     رفت-و-ماندی

Fr.: intermittent

Alternately ceasing and beginning again; adj. of → intermittency.

Intermittent, adj. of → intermittency.

Rānomānvar, from rānomān → intermittency + -var suffix of possession, variant -ur (Mid.Pers. -uwar, -war; from O.Pers. -bara, from bar- to bear, carry").

intermittent current = jarayān-e raftomāndi     جریان ِ رفت-و-ماندی

Fr.: courant intermittent

A unidirectional electric current that flows and ceases to flow at irregular or regular intervals.

→ intermittent; → current.

intermolecular forces = niruhā-ye andarmolekuli     نیروها‌ی ِ اندرمولکولی

Fr.: forces intermoléculaires

Forces acting between molecules.

→ inter-; → molecular; → force.

internal = daruni (#)     درونی

Fr.: interne

Situated or occurring in the interior of something; interior.

From M.L. internalis, from L. internus "within," from inter "between," → inter-.

Daruni, adj. of darun " in, into; within" (Mid.Pers. andarōn "inside," from andar → inter- + rōn "side, direction;" Av. ravan- "(course of a) river").

internal absorption = daršam-e daruni     درشم ِ درونی

Fr.: absorption interne

Of an H II region, the absorption of photons by the dust which is mixed with ionized gas, in contrast to the absorption by the interstellar dust on the line of sight.

→ internal; → absorption.

internal energy = kāruž-e daruni     کاروژ ِ درونی

Fr.: énergie interne

The difference between the energy added to a system and the energy given up by the system in performing work.

→ internal; → energy.

internal work = kār-e daruni (#)     کار ِ درونی

Fr.: travail interne

Work done in separating the molecules of a system against their forces of attraction. Its value is zero for an ideal gas.

→ internal; → work.

internal structure of stars = sāxtār-e daruni-ye setāregān (#)     ساختار ِ درونی ِ ستارگان

Fr.: structure interne des étoiles

The physical characteristics of that part of a star lying below the photosphere. More specifically, the study of its various zones (core, convective zone, radiative zone) and the transfer of energy through them.

→ internal; → structure; → star.

international = jahāni (#), andarnafāni     جهانی، اندرنفانی

Fr.: international, mondial

Between or among nations; involving two or more nations.

International, from → inter- + nation, from O.Fr. nacion, from L. nationem (nom. natio) "nation, stock, race," literally "that which has been born," from natus, p.p. of nasci "be born;" cognate with Pers. zādan → generate (v.), + → -al.

Jahāni "of or relating to the world" (Fr. mondial), → world.
Andarnafāni, from andar- → inter- + nafāni, adj. of nafān "family relation; kinship," proposal for "nation," from naf, from Mid.Pers. nāf "family," nāfag "navel," naft "descendent," Parthian n'p "family" (Mod.Pers. nāf "navel"); Av. nāfa- "navel, near relationship, family," hama.nāfaēna- "of the same family;" cf. Skt. nábhya- "hub (of wheel);" Gk. omphalos "navel;" L. umbilicus "navel;" O.H.G. nabalo "navel;" Ger. Nabel "navel" + -ān suffix denoting family relationship, as in Bābakān "family of Bābak."

International Astronomical Union (IAU) = Yekāyand-e Jahāni-ye Axtaršenāsi     یکایند ِ جهانی ِ اخترشناسی

Fr.: Union Astronomique Internationale (UAI)

An astronomical association of astronomers that is the controlling body of world astronomy. It was founded in Brussels in 1919.

→ international; → astronomical; → union.

International Atomic Time (TAI) = zamān-e atomi-ye jahāni (#)     زمان ِ اتمی ِ جهانی

Fr.: Temps Atomique International (TAI)

A weighted average of the time kept by about 200 caesium atomic clocks in over 50 national laboratories worldwide. It has been available since 1955, and became the international standard on which UTC is based on January 1972.

→ international; → atomic; → time.

International Date Line = xatt-e jahāni-ye gāhdād     خط ِ جهانی ِ گاهداد

Fr.: ligne internationale de changement de date

An imaginary line following approximately the 180th meridian which, by international agreement in 1884, marks the beginning or or end of a day. The regions to the east of which are counted as being one day earlier in their calendar dates than the regions to the west.

→ international; → date; → line.

International System of Units (SI) = rāžmān-e jahāni-ye yekāhā     راژمان ِ جهانی ِ یکاها

Fr.: systčme international des unités

The metric system of units based on the → meter, → kilogram, → second, → ampere, → kelvin, and → candela. Also called MSKA system. Other SI units are → hertz, → radian, → newton, → joule, → watt, → coulomb, → volt, → ohm, → farad, → weber, and → tesla.

→ international; → system; → unit.

interplanetary dust = qobār-e andarsayyāreyi     غبار ِ اندرسیاره‌ای

Fr.: poussičre interplanétaire

Particles of dust in the interplanetary medium. They are left-overs from the beginning of the solar system or from other sources such as sublimating comets. Their existence was first deduced from observations of zodiacal light.

→ interplanetary; → dust.

interplanetary gas = gāz-e andarsayyāreyi     گاز ِ اندرسیاره‌ای

Fr.: gaz interplanétaire

Electrically charged particles of the solar wind and gas liberated from comets within the solar system.

→ interplanetary; → gas.

interplanetary magnetic field = meydān-e meqnātisi-ye andarsayyārei     میدان ِ مغناتیسی ِ اندرسیاره‌ای

Fr.: champ magnétique interstellaire

The magnetic field that is carried along with the solar wind and fills the solar system space. It is wound into a spiral structure by the rotation of the Sun. At the Earth's distance from the Sun, it has a strength of about 5 x 10^-5 gauss.

→ interplanetary; → magnetic; → field.

interplanetary matter = mādde-ye andarsayyāreyi     مادّه‌ی ِ اندرسیاره‌ای

Fr.: matičre interplanétaire

Material existing in the space between solar system planets. It includes interplanetary gas and dust.

→ interplanetary; → matter.

interpolation = andaryābeš     اندریابش

Fr.: interpolation

In a series of numerical values, the operation performed to find a number or value which is not present but which can be derived approximately from those that are present.

Verbal noun of interpolate, from L. interpolatus, p.p. of interpolare "to make new, refurbish, alter," from → inter- + polare, related to polire "to smoothe, polish."

Andaryābeš, from andar- → inter- + yābeš "finding," verbal noun of yāftan, yābidan "to find, discover; to obtain, acquire;" Mid.Pers. ayāftan, ayāpźnitan "to reach, attain;" Manichean Mid.Pers. 'y'b "to attain;" Parthian, Sogdian (+ *pati-) pty'b "to reach, obtain;" Av. ap- "to reach, overtake," apayeiti "achieved, reached;" Skt. āp- "to reach, gain," āpnoti "reaches, gains;" Gk. hapto, haptomai "to touch, cling to, adhere to;" L. apiscor "touch, reach;" PIE base *ap- "to take, reach."

intersect (v.) = andarboridan, andarsekanjidan     اندربریدن، اندرسکنجیدن

Fr.: couper, croiser; intersecter

To cut or divide by passing through or across: a comet intersecting Earth's orbit.
Geometry: Of lines, to meet and cross at a point.

From L. intersectus, p.p. of intersecarer, from → inter- + secare "to cut."

Andarboridan, from andar- → inter- + boridan "to cut," from Mid.Pers. britan, brinitan "to cut off;" Av. brāy-, present tense brin-, only with suffix pairi-, "to cut off;" cf. Skt. bhri- "to hurt, injure," bhrinanti "they hurt."
Andarsekanjidan, from andar- → inter- + sekanjidan [Dehxodā] "to cut, scrape, pare;" Mid.Pers. škastan, škenn- "to break," Mod.Pers. šekastan "to beak, split," present stem šekan-; Av. scind-, scand "to beak, cleave;" Proto-Iranian *skand- "to beak, cleave;" PIE sken- "to cut off."

intersection = andarboreš, andarsekanj     اندربرش، اندرسکنج

Fr.: intersection

The act, process, or result of intersecting.
Math.: A set of elements common to sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B. → section.

Verbal noun of → intersect (v.).

interstellar = andaraxtari     اندر-اختری

Fr.: interstellaire

Referring to the medium or objects lying in the space between stars in our Galaxy or outer galaxies.

→ inter- + → stellar.

interstellar absorption = daršam-e andaraxtari     درشم ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: absorption interstellaire

The absorption of light from stars and other objects by intervening gas and dust in interstellar space.

→ interstellar; → absorption.

interstellar bubble = hobāb-e andaraxtari, tangol-e ~     حباب ِ اندر-اختری، تنگل ِ ~

Fr.: bulle interstellaire

A huge structure of ionized gas blown into the interstellar medium by the winds of supernovae and massive stars.

→ interstellar; → bubble.

interstellar dust = qobār-e andaraxtari     غبار ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: poussičre interstellaire

Microscopic grains of matter found in the space between stars.

→ interstellar; → dust.

interstellar extinction = xāmuši-ye andaraxtari     خاموشی ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: extinction interstellaire

The dimming of light traveling in the interstellar space due to the combined effects of absorption and scattering by interstellar dust particles. Interstellar extinction increases at shorter (bluer) wavelengths, resulting in → interstellar reddening.

→ interstellar; → extinction.

interstellar gas = gāz-e andaraxtari     گاز ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: gaz interstellaire

Gas, mostly hydrogen, in the interstellar space found in a variety of forms: molecular, atomic, ionized, plasma.

→ interstellar; → gas.

interstellar grains = dānehā-ye andaraxtari     دانه‌های ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: grains interstellaires

Irregularly shaped particles of dust that occur in the interstellar medium. They are mostly composed of carbon and/or silicates and measure a fraction of micron across.

→ interstellar; → grains.

interstellar line = xatt-e andaraxtari     خطّ ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: raie interstellaire

A spectral line formed in the interstellar medium, in particular an absorption line which does not participate in the periodic Doppler shift of intrinsic absorption lines in a binary star.

→ interstellar; → line.

interstellar magnetic field = meydān-e meqnātisi-ye andaraxtari     میدان ِ مغناتیسی ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: champ magnétique interstellaire

A large-scale, weak magnetic field, with an estimated strength of about 1 to 5 microgauss, that pervades the disk of the Milky Way Galaxy and controls the alignment of interstellar dust grains.

→ interstellar; → magnetic; → field.

interstellar maser = meyzer-e andaraxtari     میزر ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: maser interstellaire

A maser phenomenon created by young stars and protostars in the surrounding dense molecular clouds of gas and dust.

→ interstellar; → maser.

interstellar matter = mādde-ye andaraxtari     مادّه‌ی ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: matičre interstellaire

The gas and dust that exists in open space between the stars.

→ interstellar; → matter.

interstellar medium = madim-e andaraxtari     مدیم ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: milieu interstellaire

The environment containing the interstellar matter, consisting of gas (mostly hydrogen) and dust. Even at its densest the interstellar medium is emptier than the best vacuum humanity can create in the laboratory, but because space is so vast, the interstellar medium still adds up to a huge amount of mass.

→ interstellar; → medium.

interstellar molecule = molekul-e andaraxtari     مولکول ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: molécule interstellaire

Any molecule that occurs naturally in clouds of gas and dust in the interstellar medium. So far more than 140 especies have been discovered, many of which inexistant on Earth.

→ interstellar; → molecule.

interstellar polarization = qotbeš-e andaraxtari     قطبش ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: polarisation interstellaire

The partial polarization of starlight caused by dust in the interstellar medium.

→ interstellar; → polarization.

interstellar reddening = sorxeš-e andaraxtari     سُرخش ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: rougissement interstellaire

The dimming of light during its travel in the interstellar medium due to absorption by intervening dust. Since shorter wavelengths are particularly affected, the spectrum of the light is increasingly dominated by the long wavelength end of the spectrum. As a result, the light is "reddened" as it travels through space.

→ interstellar; → reddening.

interstellar reddening curve = xam-e sorxeš-e andaraxtari     خم ِ سُرخش ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: courbe de rougissement interstellaire

Relation between interstellar absorption (in magnitudes) and wavelength.

→ interstellar; → reddening; → curve.

interstellar scintillation = susu-ye andaraxtari     سوسوی ِ اندر-اختری

Fr.: scintillation interstellaire

An apparent twinkling of the signals from distant point-like radio sources (pulsars). It is due to turbulence, i.e. fluctuations in the electron density of the interstellar ionized gas, through which the signals have passed on their way to Earth.

→ interstellar; → scintillation.

interval = andarvār (#)     اندروار

Fr.: intervalle

Math.: A portion of a real line (i.e. a line with a fixed scale so that every real number corresponds to a unique point on the line) between two designated endpoints. → span = bāzé (بازه).
Music: Difference in pitch between two tones of a scale.

From O.Fr. intervalle, from L.L. intervallum, originally "space between two palisades or ramparts," from → inter- "between" + vallum "rampart."

Andarvār, literally "between walls," from andar- → inter- + vār "wall," as in divār "wall" (originally "fortress wall," from *dida-vāra-), variant bāru "wall, rampart, fortification; fort; tower;" Mid.Pers. bār, var "enclosure, defences, fortress;" Av. var- "castle."

intra- = darun- (#), dar- (#); foru- (#)     درون-، در-؛ فرو-

Fr.: intra-

Prefix denoting: "inside, within; below." → intramolecular forces; → intermolecular forces; → intramercurian planet.

From L. intra "on the inside, within; during; below." Commonly opposed to → extra-.

Darun "in, into; within" (Mid.Pers. andarōn "inside," from andar → inter- + rōn "side, direction;" Av. ravan- "(course of a) river").
Dar "in, into; within," from Mid.Pers. andar → inter-.
Foru "down, downwards; below; beneath" (Mid.Pers. frōt "down, downwards;" O.Pers. fravata "forward, downward;" cf. Skt. pravát- "a sloping path, the slope of a mountain").

intramercurial planet = sayyāre-ye forutiri     سیاره‌ی ِ فروتیری

Fr.: plančte intramercurienne

A hypothetical planet, named Vulcan, that once was believed to exist between the Sun and Mercury.

→ intra-; → Mercury; → planet.

intramolecular forces = niruh-ye darunmolekuli     نیروها‌ی ِ درون‌ملکولی

Fr.: intramoléculaire

Within the molecule; occurring by a reaction between different parts of the same molecule.

→ intra-; → molecular.

intrinsic = darungin     درونگین

Fr.: intrinsčque

Belonging to a thing by its very nature; true; not affected by external factors; → intrinsic brightness. Opposite to extrinsic.

Intrinsic, from M.Fr. intrinsčque "inner," from M.L. intrinsecus "interior, internal," from L. intrinsecus (adv.) "inwardly, on the inside," from intra "within" + secus "alongside," originally "following" (related to sequi "to follow").

Darungin, from darun "in, into; within" (Mid.Pers. andarōn "inside," from andar → inter- + rōn "side, direction;" Av. ravan- "(course of a) river") + -gin adj. suffix, contraction of āgin "filled."

intrinsic brightness = deraxšandegi-ye darungin     درخشندگی ِ درونگین

Fr.: brillance intrinsčque

The brightness of an object, such as a star, that is not affeted by interstellar absorption and independent of distance.

→ intrinsic; → brightness.

intrinsic color = rang-e darungin     رنگ ِ درونگین

Fr.: couleur intrinsčque

A → color not affected by → extinction.

→ intrinsic; → color.

intrinsic luminosity = tābandegi-ye darungin     تابندگی ِ درونگین

Fr.: luminosité intrinsčque

The energy per second emitted by an astronomical object.

→ intrinsic; → luminosity.

intrinsic semiconductor = nimhāzā-ye darungin ~     نیم‌هازا‌ی ِ درونگین

Fr.: semiconducteur intrinsčque

A pure semiconductor containing no → impurity atoms. → extrinsic semiconductor.

→ intrinsic; → semiconductor.

intrinsic variable = vartande-ye darungin     ورتنده‌ی ِ درونگین

Fr.: variable intrinsčque

A variable star whose fluctuations in brightness are due to natural changes in the luminosity of the star itself, not by external causes, such as in → extrinsic variable stars.

→ intrinsic; → variable.

invariable plane = hāmon-e nāvartandé     هامُن ِ ناورتنده

Fr.: plan invariable

Mechanics: For a rotating rigid body not subject to external torque, a plane which is perpendicular to the angular momentum vector of the body, and which is always tangent to its → inertia ellipsoid.

Invariable negation of → variable; → plane.

invariance = nāvartāyi     ناورتایی

Fr.: invariance

Any property of a physical law or quantity that is unchanged after the application of certain classes of transformations.

Invariance; noun of → invariant.

invariant = nāvartā     ناورتا

Fr.: invariant

A quantity which remains unchanged under certain classes of transformations.

From negation prefix → in- + variant, from L. variantem (nom. varians), pr.p. of variare "to change," from varius "varied, different, spotted."

Nāvartā, from negation prefix nā- → in- + vartā adj., from vartidan, variant of gardidan, gaštan "to change; to turn," Mid.Pers. vartitan; Av. varət- "to turn, revolve;" cf. Skt. vrt- "to turn, roll," vartate "it turns round, rolls;" L. vertere "to turn;" O.H.G. werden "to become;" PIE base *wer- "to turn, bend."

inverse = vārun (#)     وارون

Fr.: inverse

Opposite to or reversing something.
Math.: Involving two variables that are in a mathematical relationship where, when one increases, the other decreases and vice versa.

From L. inversus, p.p. of invertere → invert (v.).

Vārun "inverse, upside down," from vā- "back, backward, again, re-," variant of bāz-, from Mid.Pers. abāz-, apāc-, O.Pers. apa- [pref.] "away, from;" Av. apa- [pref.] "away, from," apaš [adv.] "towards the back;" cf. Skt. ápāñc "situated behind."

inverse β-decay = tabāhi-ye vārun-e β (#)     تباهی ِ وارون ِ بتا

Fr.: désintégration β inverse

A collision of a proton with an electron that produces a neutron and an electron neutrino.

→ inverse; β, letter of Gk. alphabet; → decay.

inverse bremsstrahlung = tormoztābeš-e vārun     ترمز‌تابش ِ وارون

Fr.: Bremsstrahlung inverse

The absorption of a photon by an electron in a strong electric field. → bremsstrahlung.

→ inverse; → bremsstrahlung.

inverse Compton effect = oskar-e Compton-e vārun     ا ُسکر ِ کامپتون ِ وارون

Fr.: effet Compton inverse

A scattering process by which fast-moving, energetic particles transfer energy to photons, decreasing the wavelength of the radiation.

→ inverse; → Compton effect.

inverse P Cygni line profile = farāpāl-e P Cygni-ye vārun     فراپال ِ ingyC Pی ِ وارون

Fr.: profil P Cygni inverse

A line profile in which the emission is on the blue side of the absorption. It is usually interpreted as the redshift of the absorption component relative to emission lines, which necessitates infall of matter.

→ inverse; → P Cygni; → line; → profile.

inverse square law = qānun-e tavān-e do-ye vārun, qānun-e cāruš-e vārun     قانون ِ توان ِ دوی ِ وارون، قانون ِ چاروش ِ وارون

Fr.: loi en carré inverse

A force law that applies to the gravitational and electromagnetic forces in which the magnitude of the force decreases in proportion to the inverse of the square of the distance.

→ inverse; → square; → law.

Qānun → law; tavān → power; do → two; cāruš → square.

inversion = vāruneš     وارونش

Fr.: inversion

Meteo.: A departure from the usual decrease or increase with altitude of the value of an atmospheric property. It almost always refers to a temperature inversion, i.e., an increase in temperature with altitude. Chemistry: To subject to → inversion.

Verbal noun of → invert (v.).

inversion layer = lāye-ye vāruneš     لایه‌ی ِ وارونش

Fr.: couche d'inversion

Meteo.: The atmospheric layer in which the temperature gradient is inverted, that is increases; → inversion. The inversion layer tends to prevent the air below it from rising, thus trapping any pollutants that are present.
Electricity: A converting of direct current into alternating current.

→ inversion; → layer.

invert (v.) = vārunidan     وارونیدن

Fr.: inververtir, renverser

To turn upside down.
To reverse in position, order, direction, or relationship. → inversion layer.

From M.Fr. invertir, from L. invertere "turn upside down, turn about," from → in- "in, on" + vertere "to turn;" cf. Pers. gardidan, gaštan "to turn, to change;" Mid.Pers. vartitan; Av. varət- "to turn, revolve;" Skt. vartati; O.H.G. werden "to become;" PIE base *wer- "to turn, bend."

Vārunidan, infinitive of vārun → inverse.

inverted population = porineš-e vārunidé     پرینش ِ وارونیده

Fr.: population inversée

In atomic physics, a condition in which there are more electrons in an upper energy level than in a lower one, while under normal conditions of thermal equilibrium the reverse is true. → optical pumping.

Inverted, p.p. of → invert (v.); → population.

Io = Yo (#)     یو

Fr.: Io

1) The fifth of Jupiter's known satellites and the third largest. It is the innermost of the Galilean moons. With a diameter of 3630 km, Io is slightly larger than Earth's Moon. It revolves at a mean distance of 422,000 km from Jupiter.
2) Also the name of an asteroid numbered 85.

In Gk. mythology, Io was a maiden who was seduced by Zeus (Jupiter). When Hera came upon their rendez-vous, Zeus transformed the maiden into a white heifer.

iodine = yod (#)     یود

Fr.: iode

A nonmetallic chemical element; symbol I; atomic number 53; atomic weight 126.9045; melting point 113.5°C; boiling point 184.35°C.

Iodine, coined 1814 by British chemist Sir Humphry Davy from Fr. iode "iodine," coined 1812 by Fr. chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (who proved it was an element) from Gk. ioeides "violet-colored," because of its violet vapors. Dispite the priority rights dispute between Davy and Gay-Lussac, both acknowledged Courtois as the discoverer of the element.

Yod, from Fr. iode, as above.

ion = yon (#)     یون

Fr.: ion

An atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons and has become electrically charged as the result.

Ion (introduced in 1834 by E. physicist and chemist Michael Faraday), from Gk ion " going," neut. pr.p. of ienai "to go," from PIE base *ei- "to go, to walk," eimi "I go;" cf. Pers. āy-, ā- present stem of āmadan "to come;" O.Pers. aitiy "goes;" Av. ay- "to go, to come," aēiti "goes;" Skt. e- "to come near," eti "arrival;" L. ire "to go;" Goth. iddja "went," Lith. eiti "to go;" Rus. idti "to go."

Yon, from Fr., from Gk., as above.

ionic = yoni (#)     یونی

Fr.: ionique

Of or pertaining to ions; occurring in the form of ions.

From → ion + → -ic.

ionization = yoneš (#)     یونش

Fr.: ionisation

The process by which ions are produced, typically occurring by interaction with electromagnetic radiation ("photoionization"), or by collisions with atoms or electrons ("collisional ionization").

Verbal noun og → ionize (v.).

ionization-bounded H II region = nāhiye-ye H II-e yoneš-karānmand     ناحیه‌ی ِ II H‌ی ِ یونش‌کران‌مند

Fr.: région H II bornée par ionisation

An H II region whos exciting star does not have enough Lyman continuum photons to ionize the whole region. → density-bounded H II region

→ ionization; → bounded; → H II region.

ionization front = pišān-e yoneš     پیشان ِ یونش

Fr.: front d'ionisation

An abrupt discontinuity between an H II region and the molecular cloud in which it has formed. In this transition region interstellar gas changes from a mostly neutral state to a mostly ionized state.

→ ionization; → front.

ionization parameter = pārāmun-e yoneš     پارامون ِ یونش

Fr.: paramčtre d'ionisation

A ratio representing the number of ionizing photons to the number of electrons in a nebular emitting region.

→ ionization; → parameter.

ionization potential = tavande yoneš     توند ِ یونش

Fr.: potentiel d'ionisation

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom. The ionization potential for hydrogen is 13.6 eV, which corresponds to an ultraviolet ionizing photon with a wavelength of 912 A.

→ ionization; → potential.

ionize (v.) = yonidan (#)     یونیدن

Fr.: ioniser

To change into ions. Verbal form of → ionization.

From → ion + → -ize.

ionized = yonidé (#)     یونیده

Fr.: ionisé

Converted into ions.

P.p. of → ionize (v.).

ionized gas = gāz-e yonidé (#)     گاز ِ یونیده

Fr.: gaz ionisé

A gas composed partially or totally of ions.

→ ionized; → gas.

ionized hydrogen region = nāhiye-ye hidrožen-e yonidé (#)     ناحیه‌ی ِ هیدروژن ِ یونیده

Fr.: région d'hydrogčne ionisé

Same as → H II region.

→ ionized; → hydrogen; → region.

ionizing radiation = tābeš-e yonandé (#)     تابش ِ یوننده

Fr.: rayonnement ionisant

A photon that has enough energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule, thus producing an ion and free electrons.

Ionizing, adj. from → ionize (v.); → radiation.

ionosphere = yonsepehr (#)     یون‌سپهر

Fr.: ionosphčre

The region of the Earth's upper atmosphere containing a small percentage of free electrons and ions produced by photoionization of the constituents of the atmosphere by solar ultraviolet radiation.

→ ion + → sphere.

ion rays = partowhā-ye yoni (#)     پرتوهای ِ یونی

Fr.: rayons ioniques

The thin glowing streamers in a comet's ion tail.

→ ion; → ray.

ion tail = donbāle-ye yoni (#)     دنباله‌ی ِ یونی

Fr.: queue d'ions

Of a comet, same as → gas tail.

→ gas; → tail.

Iranian calendar = gāhšomār-e Irāni (#)     گاهشمار ِ ایرانی

Fr.: calendrier iranien

The most accurate solar calendar in use, which is based on two successive passages of the Sun through the true vernal equinox. The year length, defined by an ingenious intercalation system devised by the mathematician Omar Khayyām (A.D. 1048-1131), is 365.2424.. solar days, in perfect agreement with the → vernal-equinox year of 365.24236 solar days (epoch +2000). This interval should not be confounded with the → tropical year of 365.2422 solar days. The most remarkable feature of the calendar is Nowruz, the spring festival, which has its profound roots in the Zoroastrian worldview. Same as → Persian calendar. Click here for more details.

Iranian, of or pertaining to Iran "(land of) the Aryans," as below.

Gāhšomār → calendar; Irāni adj. of Irān, from Mid.Pers. Źrān "(land of) the Aryans," pluriel of źr "noble, hero," źrīh "nobility, good conduct;" Parthian Mid.Pers. aryān; O.Pers. ariya- "Aryan;" Av. airya- "Aryan;" cf. Skt. ārya- "noble, honorable, respectable."

iridium = iridiom (#)     ایریدیوم

Fr.: iridium

A metallic chemical element; symbol Ir. Atomic number 77; atomic weight 192.22; melting point about 2,410°C; boiling point about 4,130°C; specific gravity 22.55 at 20°C. Iridium is a very hard, usually brittle, extremely corrosion-resistant silver-white metal with a face-centered cubic crystalline structure. The unusually high concentration of iridium found in the thin clay layer that marks the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks is attributed to an asteroid impact with Earth 65 million years ago.

Iridium coined 1804 by its discoverer, E. chemist Smithson Tennant (1761-1815) from Gk. → iris "rainbow;" so called for the varying color of its compounds.

iris = titak     تیتک

Fr.: iris

1) The circular diaphragm forming the colored portion of the eye and perforated by the pupil in its center. → pupil = mardomak (مردمک).
2) A diaphragm forming an adjustable opening over a lens in an optical instrument.
3) Asteroid 7, discovered in 1847 by E. astronomer John Russell Hind (1823-1895).

Iris, M.E., from L. irid-, iris "colored part of the eye, rainbow, iris plant, a precious stone," from Gk. iris, iridos "rainbow, iris plant, iris of the eye," initially "a messenger of the gods, regarded as the goddess of the rainbow." The eye portion was so called for being the colored part.

Titak, from Kermāni, Tāleši, variants Lori tiya, Dehxodā dictionary tuk, probably from didan "to see," Mid.Pers. ditan "to see, regard, catch sight of, contemplate, experience;" O.Pers. dī- "to see;" Av. dā(y)- "to see," didāti "sees;" cf. Skt. dhī- "to perceive, think, ponder; thought, reflection, meditation," dādhye; Gk. dedorka "have seen."

iris diaphragm = miyānband-e titaki, ~ titakvār     میان‌بند ِ تیتکی، ~ تیتک‌وار

Fr.: diaphragme iris

A mechanical device, consisting of thin overlapping plates, designed to smoothly vary the effective diameter of a lens, thereby controlling the amount of light allowed through.

→ iris; → diaphragm.

iron = āhan (#)     آهن

Fr.: fer

A metallic chemical element having atomic number 26 and atomic weight 55.845; symbol Fe; melting point about 1,535°C; boiling point about 2,750°C

Iron, from O.E. isęrn, from P.Gmc. *isarnan (cf. O.S. isarn, O.N. isarn, M.Du. iser, O.H.G. isarn, Ger. Eisen) "holy metal" or "strong metal," probably an early borrowing of Celt. *isarnon (cf. O.Ir. iarn, Welsh haiarn), from PIE *is-(e)ro- "powerful, holy," from PIE *eis "strong" (cf. Skt. isirah "vigorous, strong," Gk. ieros "strong").
The chemical symbol Fe, from L. ferrum "iron."

Āhan, Kurd. āsan, Mid.Pers. āhan; Av. aiianhaēna- "made of metal," from aiiah- "metal;" cf. Skt. áyas- "iron, metal;"  L. aes "brass;" Goth. aiz "bronze;" O.H.G. ēr "ore" (Ger. Erz "oar"); O.E. ora "ore, unworked metal," ar "brass, copper, bronze."

iron meteorite = šahābsang-e āhani (#)     شهاب‌سنگ ِ آهنی

Fr.: météorite ferreux

A meteorite which is composed mainly of iron mixed with smaller amounts of nickel.

→ iron; → meteorite.

iron peak = setiq-e āhan     ستیغ ِ آهن

Fr.: pic du fer

A maximum on the element-abundance curve in the vicinity of atomic mass number 56.

→ iron; → peak.

irradiance = rowšanāyi-ye kāruži     روشنایی ِ کاروژی

Fr.: éclairement énergétique

The energy at all wavelengths that is incident on unit area of surface in unit time. It is measured in Watts per square meter.

Irradiance, from ir- variant of → in- (by assimilation) before r + radi(ant) → radiation + -ance a suffix used to form nouns either from adjectives in -ant or from verbs.

Rowšanāyi → illumination; kāruži, adj. of kāruž → energy.

irradiation = 1) tābešdehi, tābešgiri; 2) nurgostard     ۱) تابش‌دهی، تابش‌گیری؛ ۲) نورگسترد

Fr.: irradiation

1) Exposure to any kind of radiation or atomic particles.
2) An optical effect that makes a bright object appear larger than it really is when viewed against a darker background.

Irradiation, from ir- variant of → in- (by assimilation) before r + → radiation.

1) Tābešdehi, tābešgiri;, from tābeš → radiation + giri verbal noun of gereftan "to take, seize" (Mid.Pers. griftan, Av./O.Pers. grab- "to take, seize," cf. Skt. grah-, grabh- "to seize, take," graha "seizing, holding, perceiving," M.L.G. grabben "to grab," from P.Gmc. *grab, E. grab "to take or grasp suddenly;" PIE base *ghrebh- "to seize"); dahi verbal noun of dādan "to give," Mid.Pers. dādan "to give" (O.Pers./Av. dā- "to give, grant, yield," dadāiti "he gives;" Skt. dadáti "he gives;" Gk. tithenai "to place, put, set," didomi "I give;" L. dare "to give, offer," facere "to do, to make;" Rus. delat' "to do;" O.H.G. tuon, Ger. tun, O.E. don "to do;" PIE base *dhe- "to put, to do").
2) Nurgostard, from nur → light + gostard past stem of gostardan "to expand; to spread; to diffuse" (Mid.Pers. wistardan "to extend; to spread;" Proto-Iranian *ui.star-; Av. vi- "apart, away from, out" (O.Pers. viy- "apart, away;" cf. Skt. vi- "apart, asunder, away, out;" L. vitare "to avoid, turn aside") + Av. star- "to spread," starati "spreads;" cf. Skt. star- "to spread out, extend, strew," strnati "spreads;" Gk. stornumi "I spread out," strotos "spread, laid out;" L. sternere "to spread;" Ger. Strahlung "radiation," from strahlen "to radiate," from Strahl "ray;" from M.H.G. strāle; from O.H.G. strāla "arrow," stripe; PIE base *ster- "to spread").

irregular = bisāmān (#)     بی‌سامان

Fr.: irrégulier

Lacking symmetry, even shape, formal arrangement, etc. → irregular galaxy; → irregular variable.

From O.Fr. irregulier, from M.L. irregularis, from → in- "not" + L. regularis from regula "rule," from PIE *reg- "move in a straight line," hence, "to direct, rule" (cf. Pers. rāst "right, straight;" O.Pers. rāsta- "straight, true," rās- "to be right, straight, true;" Av. rāz- "to direct, put in line, set," razan- "order;" Skt. raj- "to direct, stretch," rjuyant- "walking straight;" Gk. orektos "stretched out;" L. regere "to lead straight, guide, rule," p.p. rectus "right, straight;" Ger. recht; E. right).

Bisāmān, from bi- "not, without" + sāmān "order, arrangement, disposition; boundary, limit," Lārestāni sāmon "sign or mark separating one field from another," Gilaki, Tabari šalmān "a straight peace of wood or beam, post;" Mid.Pers. sāmānak, sahmān "limit;" loaned into Arm. sahmān; cf. Skt. sīmān-, sīmā- "boundary, border, limit."

irregular galaxy = kahkašān-e bisāmān     کهکشان ِ بی‌سامان

Fr.: galaxie irréguličre

A galaxy with no spiral structure and no symmetric shape. Irregular galaxies are usually filamentary or very clumpy in shape and tend to smaller than others.

→ irregular; → galaxy.

irregular satellite = bandevār-e bisāmān, māh-e ~     بنده‌وار ِ بی‌سامان، ماه ِ ~

Fr.: satellite irrégulier

A satellite whose orbit around its planet is eccentric, inclined with respect to the equatorial plane, and relatively far from the planet. Strong solar perturbations cause the orbit to precess. → regular satellite.

→ irregular; → satellite.

irregular variable = vartande-ye bisāmān     ورتنده‌ی ِ بی‌سامان

Fr.: variable irréguličre

A type of variable star in which variations in brightness show no regular periodicity. There are two main types, irregular eruptive variables and irregular pulsating variables.

→ irregular; → variable.

irreversible process = farāravand-e vāgaštnāpazir (#)     فراروند ِ واگشت‌ناپذیر

Fr.: processus irréversible

A physical process in which the combined entropy of the system and the environment increases. During an irreversible process the system is not in equilibrium at all instances of time. Most of the processes in nature are irreversible. → reversible process.

irreversible, from ir- "not," variant of → in- + → reversible; → process.

isentropic flow = tacān-e izodargāšt     تچان ِ ایزودرگاشت

Fr.: écoulement isentrope

A reversible flow in which the value of entropy remains constant; i.e. no energy is added to the flow, and no energy losses occur due to friction or dissipative effects.

Isentropic, from → iso- + → entropy + → -ic; → flow.

isentropic process = farāravand-e izodargāšt     فراروند ِ ایزودرگاشت

Fr.: process isentrope

A process for which there is no heat transfer with the surroundings, and no change in entropy.

Isentropic, from → iso- + → entropy + → -ic; → process.

iso- = izo- (#), ham- (#)     ایزو-، هم-

Fr.: iso-

Perfix denoting "equal; homogeneous; uniform (isobar; isentropic). Also is- sometimes before a vowel.

From L.L., from Gk. isos "equal."

Izo-, loan from Gk. isos, as above. The Pers. ham- → com- is overused; therefore this dictionary adopts izo-.

isobar = izobār (#), izofešār     ایزوبار، ایزوفشار

Fr.: isobare

1) Meteo.: A line connecting points having equal pressure.
2) Any of a group of nuclides which, although having different atomic numbers, have identical mass numbers; e.g. the tin isotope ¹¹⁵₅₀Sn and the indium isotope ¹¹⁵₄₉In.

From Gk. isobares "of equal weight," from → iso- + bar, from baros "weight," cognate with Pers. bār "charge, weight" (Mid.Pers. bār, from O.Pers./Av. bar- "to bear, carry," Mod.Pers. bordan "to carry;" L. brutus "heavy, dull, stupid, brutish;" Skt. bhara- "burden, load," bharati "he carries;" Mod.Pers. gerân "heavy;" Skt. guru; L. gravis; PIE *gwere- "heavy;" *bher- "to carry, give birth").

isobaric spin = isospin (#)     ایزو‌اسپین

Fr.: spin isobarique

Same as → isospin.

Isobaric, adj. of → isobar; → spin.

isobaric process = farāravand-e izofešār     فراروند ِ ایزوفشار

Fr.: processus isobare

A process taking place at constant pressure.

Isobaric, adj. of → isobar; → process.

isochoric process = farāravand-e izogonj     فراروند ِ ایزوگنج

Fr.: processus isochore

A process in which the volume remains unchanged.

From → iso- + chor-, from Gk. chora "place, land" + → ic.

Farāravand → process; izogonj, from izo → iso- + gonj "volume," gonjdan "to be contained; to hold exactly; to be filled;" Mid.Pers. winj- "to be contained;" Proto-Iranian *uiac-/*uic-; cf. Skt. vyac- "to contain, encompass," vyás- "extent, content, extension;" L. uincire "to bind."

isochrone = izozamān     ایزوزمان

Fr.: isochrone

A curve on a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram connecting all stars having the same age.

Isochrone, back formation from isochronal, from Gk. → iso- + khronos "time."

Izozamān, from → iso- + zamān → time.

isohel = izohur     ایزوهور

Fr.: isohel

Line joining geographical points of equal insolation during a specific interval of time.

From Gk. → iso- + hel, from helios "sun," → helio-.

Izohur, from izo- → iso- + hur "sun," cognate with → helio-.

isolate (v.) = vāyutidan     وایوتیدن

Fr.: isoler

To set or place apart; detach or separate so as to be alone.
Chemistry: To obtain a substance in an uncombined or pure state. Physics: → isolated system.

Isolate, back-formation from isolated, from Fr. isolé "isolated," from It. isolato, from L. insulatus "made into an island," from insula "island; maybe from *en-salos "in the sea," from salum "sea."

Vāyutidan, from vā- denoting "separation" (also "reversal, opposition; repetition; back, backward," variant of bāz-, from Mid.Pers. abāz-, apāc-; O.Pers. apa- [pref.] "away, from;" Av. apa- [pref.] "away, from," apaš [adv.] "towards the back;" cf. Skt. ápāñc "situated behind") + Mid.Pers. yut "separate, different," Mod.Pers. jodā "separate, apart;" Av. yuta- "separate, apart" + -idan infinitive suffix.

isolated system = rāžmān-e vāyutidé     راژمان ِ وایوتیده

Fr.: systčme isolé

Physics: A system whose internal energy remains constant.

Isolated, p.p. of → isolate (v.); → system.

isolation = vāyuteš     وایوتش

Fr.: isolation

An act or instance of isolating; the state of being isolated.

Verbal noun of → isolate (v.).

isomer = izomer (#)     ایزومر

Fr.: isomčre

Physics: Any of two or more nuclei having the same atomic number A and mass number Z but different half-lives.
Chemistry: One of two or more substances that have the same chemical composition but differ in structural form.

Back fromation from isomeric, from → iso- + mer a combining form meaning "part," from Gk. meros "part, portion, share."

Izomer, loan from Fr. isomčre.

isoneph = izoabr     ایزو-ابر

Fr.:

A line drawn through all points on a weather map having the same amount of cloudiness.

From Gk. → iso- + nephos "cloud," cognate with Pers. mam "humidity, moisture;" Av. napta- "moist," nabās-cā- "cloud," nabah- "sky;" Skt. nábhas- "moisture, cloud, mist;" L. nebula "mist," nimbus "rainstorm, rain cloud;" O.H.G. nebul; Ger. Nebel "fog;" O.E. nifol "dark;" from PIE *nebh- "cloud, vapor, fog, moist, sky."

Izoabr, from izo- → iso- + abr → cloud.

isophote = izošid     ایزوشید

Fr.: isophote

A line joining points with the same surface brightness on a plot or in image of a celestial object such as a nebula or galaxy.

Isophote, from → iso- + a combining form of Gk. phos (gen. photos) "light."

Izošid, from izo- → iso- + šid "light, sunlight," from Mid.Pers. šźt "shining, radiant, bright;" Av. xšaēta- "shining, brilliant, splendid, excellent."

isoplanatic angle = zāviye-ye izobirahi     زاویه‌ی ِ ایزوبیراهی

Fr.: angle isoplanatique

The angular separation at which the atmospheric perturbations applied to the light from two adjacent stars becomes uncorrelated. Because of the presence of turbulent layers high in the atmosphere, this angle is extremely small, often only a few seconds of arc at visible wavelengths. → aplanatism.

Isoplanatic, from → iso- + Gk. plane "wandering," from planasthai "to wander" + -tic adjective-forming suffix; → angle.

Zāviyé → angle; izobirahi, from → iso- + birah "a devious path; a wanderer, who deviates, errs," + -i noun suffix.

isopleth = izocand, hamcand     ایزوچند، هم‌چند

Fr.: isoplčthe

A line on a weather chart representing constant or equal value for a given meteorological quantity with respect to either space or time.

From Gk. isoplethes, from → iso- + pleth(os) "great number, multitude;" cognate with Pers. por → full + -es adj. suffix.

Izocand, from izo- → iso- + cand replacing candi (after prefix) "quantity," from Mid.Pers. candih "amount, quantity," from cand "how many, how much; so many, much;" O.Pers. yāvā "as long as;" Av. yauuant- [adj.] "how great?, how much?, how many?," yauuat [adv.] "as much as, as far as;" cf. Skt. yāvant- "how big, how much;" Gk. heos "as long as, until."

isospin = izospin (#)     ایزو-اسپین

Fr.: isospin

A quantum number based on the assumption that the nucleon (proton and neutron) is a single entity having two states, like → spin. It is conserved by the strong interaction. Same as isotopic spin, isobaric spin.

From → iso- + → spin

isotherm = izodamā     ایزودما

Fr.: isotherme

Meteo.: A line on a map or graph joining points of equal temperature.

Isotherm, back formation from isothermal.

Izodamā, from → iso- + damā → temperature.

isothermal process = farāravand-e izodamā     فراروند ِ ایزودما

Fr.: processus isotherme

A process in which the temperature remains constant.

Isothermal, from → iso- + therm, from Gk. therme "heat" thermos "warm;" cognate with Pers. garm "warm" (garmā "heat, warmth," from Mid.Pers. garmāg; O.Pers./Av. garəma- "hot, warm;" cf. Skt. gharmah "heat;" L. formus "warm, fornax "oven;" P.Gmc. *warmaz; O.E. wearm; E. warm; O.H.G., Ger. warm; PIE *ghworm-/*ghwerm- "warm") + → -al; → process.

Farāravand → process; izodamā, from → iso- + damā → temperature.

isotone = izoton (#)     ایزوتون

Fr.: isotone

One of several nuclides having the same number of neutrons in their nuclei but differing in the number of protons.

Isotone, from → iso- + tone, from Gk tonos "strain, tone, mode," literally, "a stretching," akin to teinein "to stretch," cognate with Pers. tanidan "to spin, twist, weave" (Mid.Pers. tanitan; Av. tan- to stretch, extend;" cf. Skt. tan- to spin, stretch;" tanoti "stretches," tantram "loom;" Gk. teinein "to stretch, pull tight;" L. tendere "to stretch; PIE base *ten- "to stretch;" Pers. tār "string," tān "thread," tur "fishing net, net, snare," and tāl "thread" (Borujerdi dialect) belong to this family; variants tanta "cobweb," tanadu, tafen, kartané, kārtané, kātené, Pashtu tanistah "cobweb;" cf. Skt. tantu- "cobweb, thread, string").

isotope = izotop (#), hamjā (#)     ایزوتوپ، همجا

Fr.: isotope

one of two or more atoms having the same number of protons in its nucleus, but a different number of neutrons and, therefore, a different mass.

Isotope, from → iso- + -tope, from Gk. topos "place."

Izotop, loan from Fr., as above. hamjā, from ham- "together" → com- + jā "place" (from Mid.Pers. giyag "place;" O.Pers. ā-vahana- "place, village;" Av. vah- "to dwell, stay," vanhaiti "he dwells, stays;" Skt. vásati "he dwells;" Gk. aesa (nukta) "to pass (the night);" Ossetic wat "room; bed; place;" Tokharian B wäs- "to stay, wait;" PIE base ues- "to stay, live, spend the night").

isotopic number = adad-e izotopi     عدد ِ ایزوتوپی

Fr.: nombre isotopique

The difference between the number of neutrons in an isotope and the number of protons. Neutron excess.

Isotopic, adj. of → isotope; → number.

isotope shift = kib-e izotopi     کیب ِ ایزوتوپی

Fr.: décalage isotopique

A displacement in the spectral lines due to the different isotopes of an element.

Isotopic, adj. of → isotope; → shift.

isotopic spin = spin-e izotopi (#), izospin (#)     اسپین ِ ایزوتوپی، ایزو-اسپین

Fr.: spin isotopique

Same as → isospin.

Isotopic, adj. of → isotope; → spin.

isotropic = izogard, hamsāngard (#)     ایزوگرد، همسان‌گرد

Fr.: isotrope

Having physical properties that do not vary with direction.

Isotropic, from → iso- + -tropic "turned toward," from Gk. -tropos "a turn, way, manner," from tropein "to turn," from PIE base *trep- "to turn" (cf. L. trepit "he turns").

Izogard, from izo- → iso- + gard "turning, changing," from gardidan "to turn, to change;" Mid.Pers. vartitan; Av. varət- "to turn, revolve;" Skt. vrt- "to turn, roll," vartate "it turns round, rolls;" L. vertere "to turn;" O.H.G. werden "to become;" PIE base *wer- "to turn, bend."

isotropic Universe = giti-ye izogard, ~ hamsāngard (#)     گیتی ِ ایزوگرد، ~ ِ همسان‌گرد

Fr.: Univers isotrope

A Universe having observed properties that appear identical in every direction.

→ isotropic; → universe.

isotropy = izogardi, hamsāngardi (#)     ایزوگردی، هم‌سان‌گردی

Fr.: isotropie

The property by which physical properties are equal along all directions. → anisotropy.

Isotropy, noun of → isotropic.

iterate (v.) = itaridan     ایتریدن

Fr.: itérer

To utter or to do something over again or repeatedly. → repeat (v.) = bāzgaršidan (بازگرشیدن).
In mathematics, → iteration.

Iterate "to do again, repeat," back-formation from iteration, from L. iterationem (nom. iteratio) "repetition," noun of action from iterare "to do again, repeat," from iterum "again, for the second time;" cf. Skt. itara- "the other (of the two), another."

Itaridan, from L. iter(um), Skt. itar(a-), as above, and Pers. dialects Kāšāni (Voništun) tār "the other;" Kurd. tir "the other" + -idan Pers. infinitive suffix.

iteration = itareš     ایترش

Fr.: itération

A computational process involving a succession of approximations, which consists of repeating the operation by inputting the outcome of each preceding operation to improve the final result until a desired accuracy is achieved. → repetition = bāzgarš (بازگرش).

Verbal noun of → iterate (v.).

iterative method = raveš-e itareši     روش ِ ایترشی

Fr.: méthode itérative

A method of computation in mathematics using → iteration.

Iterative characterized by or involving → iteration; → method.

-ity = -i (#), -igi (#)     -ای، -ایگی

Fr.: -ité

A suffix used to form abstract nouns expressing state, degree, or condition: metallicity, luminosity, periodicity, Gaussianity.

From M.E. -ite, from O.Fr. -ité, from L. -itas (-itat-), from -i- (thematic or, rarely, connective vowel) + -tas (-tat-), may be cognate with Av./Skt. -tāt (as in Av. uparatāt, Skt. uparátāt "supremacy," Av. ha^urvatāt, Skt. sarvátāt "completeness").

The suffix -igi, from -ig adj. suffix, variant of -ik → -ic, + -i noun suffix.

Note: The Pers. suffix -i forms state/condition nouns from adjectives, as in: xubi, zešti, rāsti, āzādi, tanhāyi. There is though a phonetic problem when the adj. ends in -i, since two successive i's are not easily articulable, e.g.: felez "metal," felezi "metallic," *felezii "metallicity." Mid.Pers. did not have this problem, since the adj. suffix was -īg or -īk (instead of -i) and the noun suffix -īh (instead of -i). Some examples in Mid.Pers.: tuhīg "empty," tuhīgīh "emptiness," tuwānīg "able," tuwānīgīh "ability," spurrīg "complete," spurrīgīh "completeness, perfection," nazdīk "near," nazdīkīh "proximity." Avoiding non-Persian solutions (e.g. Ar. -iyat, Fr. -ité), a way out of this phonetic problem in Mod.Pers. is to use the Mid.Pers. -igi. This solution, first introduced independently by E. Tabari and M. Bahār (tohi, tohigi), was generalized by M. Sch. Adib-Soltāni (Irānigi, Ālmānigi, darunāxtigi, borunāxtigi, etc.). This seems a natural solution since the adj. suffix -i is the evolution of the Mid.Pers. -ig, and moreover Pers. currently revives the g phoneme in comparable phonetic situations, as in the ending phoneme -é (-eh), which derives from Mid.Pers. -ag. A number of examples: adj. āzādé, n. āzādegi; adj. tābandé, n. tābandegi; adj. mardāné, n. mardānegi; likewise xāné, xānegi, setāré, setāregān; āzādé, āzādegān.
Some examples for the use of -igi in this work: felezigi for → metallicity, māddigi → materiality, beyzigi; → ellipcity, etc.

Izar (ε Boötis) = Izār     ایزار

Fr.: Izar

A bright giant star in the constellation Boötes lying 210 light-years away. It is a close double consisting of K0 and A0 dwarfs of magnitudes 2.5 and 4.6.

From Ar. Al-Izār (الازار) "a cloth worn round the loins and passed between the legs," Ar. rendering of the Herdsman's skirt; → Boötes.

-ize = -idan (#), -astan (#), kardan (#)     -ایدن، -ا َستن، کردن

Fr.: -iser

A verb-forming suffix occurring originally in loanwords from Gk. that have entered English through L. or Fr.

From M.E. -isen, from O.Fr. -iser, from L.L. -izare, from Gk -izein.

-idan, -astan infinitive suffixes; kardan "to do, to make," auxiliary verb of compound verbs (Mid.Pers. kardan; O.Pers./Av. kar- "to do, make, build;" Av. kərənaoiti "he makes;" cf. Skt. kr- "to do, to make," krnoti "he makes, he does," karoti "he makes, he does," karma "act, deed;" PIE base k^wer- "to do, to make").

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Observatoire de Paris LERMA Last updated 14 August 2009