ÿþ<html> <head> <title></title> <style> <!-- body { background: #cccccc; font: normal 90% Tahoma, Verdana, Sans-Serif; margin: 10 20 10 20; } .header { font-weight: bold; } p { line-height: 1.7; } --> </style> </head> <body dir="rtl"> <h1>(-+Ì /1('1G! 51A A9D /1 2('F 9DEÌ A'13Ì</h1> <h2>E-E/ -Ì/1Ì ED'Ì1Ì</h2> <strong>©*'( 'E1H2  ~'ÌÌ2 ñóõò .H14Ì/Ì / ñù÷ó EÌD'/Ì - 5A-G! ôõ *' ôø</strong> <p> (Ì'F EAGHEG'Ì 9DEÌ H AFÌ :1( (G 2('F ~'13Ì GEH'1G (' E3'&D A1'H'FÌ 1H(1H (H/G '3*. EB'DG! -'61 (-+Ì '3* /1('1G! Ì©Ì '2 ,F(G G'Ì 'ÌF /4H'1ÌG'. /1 'H'ÌD B1F FH2/GE  'Ì1'FÌ'F (' A1GF¯ H *E/F '1H~'ÌÌ *E'3 (Ì4*1Ì Ì'A*F/. 1A*F (1.Ì '2 'Ì1'FÌ'F (G '1H~' (1'Ì "EH.*F 9DHE H AFHF H FÌ2 /9H* '2 '1H~'ÌÌ'F (1'Ì *9DÌE /1 'Ì1'F  3(( "4F'ÌÌ G1 †G (Ì4*1 'Ì1'FÌ'F (' 9DHE H AFHF FHÌF 4/. (H̘G  (9/ '2 E41H7G  ¯1'Ì4 (3Ì'1 (G *'DÌA H *1,EG! ©*'(G'Ì 9DEÌ H AFÌ ~/Ì/ "E/  H 9DHE FHÌF (G -H2G G'Ì /13Ì 'Ì1'F H'1/ 4/F/. </p> <p> 'ÌF 9DHE FHÌF EAGHEG'ÌÌ /'4*F/ ©G /1 2('F A'13Ì (Ì3'(BG (H/F/  H 7(9'K A'13Ì EÌ ('Ì3* "FG' 1' /1 .H/ ,'Ì /G/. '4©'D  *FG' /1 F/'4*F '57D'-G'Ì FH F(H/  2Ì1' /1 'F*B'DG'Ì A1GF¯Ì  GEÌ4G G1 2('F EAGHEG'ÌÌ 1' ©G F/'1/ (G G1 *1*Ì( '2 †F/ 1'G A1'GE EÌ "H1/ - E+D' '2 H'E ¯1A*F '57D'-G'Ì (̯'FG  H FÌ2 3'.*F H'˜G G'Ì FH /1 (1'(1 "F EAGHEG'. '4©'D '3'3Ì Ì©Ì 'ÌF (H/ ©G 2('F /1Ì †F/'F *,1(G 'Ì (1'Ì /1"H1/F H'˜G G'Ì (̯'FG (G B'9/G G'Ì /3*H1Ì .H/ F/'4*G '3*. /̯1 "F©G F+1 9DEÌ A'13Ì /1 2E'F *E'3 (' A1GF¯ '1H~'ÌÌ *H'F'ÌÌ †F/'FÌ F/'4*  H (G ¯A*G! ED© 'D491'! (G'1 FG 91(Ì (H/ H FG ~'13Ì  H ~1 (H/ '2 1H'(7 (Ì 1HÌG H ,EDG G'Ì (Ì 31H~'Ì. [ñ] </p> <p> 2('F A'13Ì (' 4ÌHG! EF8E H EF3,E '57D'- 4F'3Ì Ì' *1EÌFHDH˜Ì 9DEÌ '1H~' 1H(1H (H/ ©G ~3 '2 1F3'F3 H 'FBD'( 5F9*Ì 1A*G 1A*G 1H4 /'1*1 H *H'F'*1 4/G (H/. E$DA'F H E*1,E'F "F /H1G  *9/'/Ì '2 '57D'-G'Ì '1H~'ÌÌ  (H̘G A1'F3HÌ  1' /1 ¯A*G G' H FH4*G G'Ì .H/ H'1/ 3'.*F/ H FÌ2 '2 2('F 91(Ì ©E© ¯1A*F/ - 'E' /1 'ÌF ©'1G' 6'(7G 'Ì H,H/ F/'4* (9D'HG 91(Ì FÌ2 (' GEÌF '4©'D'*  EF*G' '2 ,F(G G'Ì /̯1Ì 1H(1H (H/. (G 9FH'F FEHFG EÌ *H'F '2 '57D'-G'Ì 2Ì1 ©G /1 "F 'Ì'E (G ©'1 EÌ 1A*G F'E (1/: <br/> 6:8G  *1Ì(  ,1+BÌD  ('1HE71  *-EÌ5  BH'Ì E9'HFG  BHG! '*5'DÌG  E7DH&Ì/  EH'2F) 'DEÌ'G  "D* 3('-G  EÌ2'F 'D+BD  'Ì2HE1AÌ3E  '1'6Ì E13H(G. </p> <p> (9/G' (1 '+1 A2HFÌ ¯1A*F '57D'-G'Ì :1(Ì H «(Ì *-1©Ì» H'˜G G'Ì 91(Ì /1 ('A* /3*H1Ì 2('F A'13Ì  H FÌ2 9D'BG (G A'13Ì FHÌ3  ¯1'Ì4Ì (G H'˜G G'Ì A'13Ì ~Ì/' "E/. </p> <p> A1GF¯3*'F 'Ì1'F ©G /1 3'D ñóñô *'3Ì3 4/  (3Ì'1Ì H'˜G G'Ì 9DEÌ /1 14*G G'Ì ~24©Ì  ,'FH14F'3Ì  2EÌF 4F'3Ì  7(Ì9Ì  ¯Ì'G4F'3Ì  AÌ2Ì©  H 4ÌEÌ H69 ©1/  ©G '©+1 "FG' ,'̯Ì1 4/G 'F/ H (G ©'1 EÌ 1HF/. (G 9FH'F FEHFG EÌ *H'F '2 '57D'-G'Ì 2Ì1 F'E (1/: <br/> "(A4'F  "013F,  "01ÌF  "HF/  'F¯D  ('2*'(  ('2/'F¯'F  ('2/E  ('A* 4F'3Ì  (1"ÌF/  (1†G  (O1/'1  (21¯ 3Ì'G1¯ 2Ì1ÌF  (3'E/  (F/~'ÌÌ'F  (̯'FG .H'1  ~/Ì/'1Ì  ~1†E  ~Ì/'2'  *'B/Ì3  *.E©  †¯'D  /1̆G! /HD.*Ì  1'3*'  31.1¯  ©'3(1¯  ¯4*'H1  FGF,  H'¯1'ÌÌ  H (3Ì'1Ì /̯1. </p> <p> '2 /B* /1 '57D'-G'Ì A1GF¯3*'F †FÌF (1EÌ "Ì/ ©G ©H44G'Ì "F (Ì4*1 /1 2EÌFG! «'57D'- 4F'3Ì H'˜¯'FÌ» (H/G '3*  H (G Ì©Ì '2 EGE*1ÌF ,F(G G'Ì '57D'- 4F'3Ì EF8E 2('FG'Ì '1H~'ÌÌ - Ì9FÌ «'57D'- 4F'3Ì EH1AHDH˜Ì©» - †F'F©G ('Ì/ *H,G F©1/G '3*. </p> <p> Ì©Ì '2 .5H5Ì*G'Ì 9E/G! '57D'- 4F'3Ì 9DEÌ 2('FG'Ì '1H~'ÌÌ  B/1* «51A A9DÌ» (conjugation) "FG' /1 3'.*F E4*BG'Ì A1'H'F '2 Ì© EAGHE H'-/ '3*. H 'ÌF '2 ,G*Ì Ì©Ì '2 ,F(G G'Ì 69ÌA 2('F A'13Ì '3* - Ì9FÌ †Ì2Ì ©G /1 ¯04*G (1 '+1 (G ©'1 F¯1A*F 'D¯HG'Ì 2('FÌ H (9/ (G 9D* F(H/F /1© «5-Ì-Ì» '2 2('F GE†HF «*'(H» .H/FE'ÌÌ ©1/G '3*. B/1* *-1© 51A A9DÌ H 4.5Ì* 2('FÌ 3'.*G' Ì' 'D¯HG'Ì /3*H1Ì  'ÌF *H'F'ÌÌ 1' (G 2('FG'Ì '1H~'ÌÌ /'/G ©G EAGHEG'Ì A1'H'F H H'(3*G (G GE 1' (' '57D'-G'Ì ©H*'G (Ì'F /'1F/. </p> <p> HDÌ /1 2('F A'13Ì FG *FG' (3Ì'1Ì '2 E4*BG'Ì A9DÌ «3E'9Ì» BDE/'/ 4/G 'F/  (D©G Ì© E'F9 /̯1 (1 31 1'G H,H/ GEG! E4*BG'Ì A9DÌ /Ì/G EÌ 4H/  H "F A1'H'FÌ «GE©1/» '3* ©G .H/ FÌ2 GEÌF '4©'D Ì'/4/G 1' /'1/. /1 2('F A'13Ì 3G FH9 E5/1 H,H/ /'1F/: ñ) E5/1 (3Ì7  E'FF/ «(1Ì/F» ò) E5/1 E1©(  E'FF/ «*'( .H1/F» H ó) 9('1* A9DÌ  E'FF/ «(G ©'1 (1/F». (F'(1 *91ÌA  E5/1Ì ©G (' '3E Ì' 5A* *1©Ì( EÌ 4H/ H A9D E1©( EÌ 3'2/ «GE©1/» F'E¯0'1Ì 4/G '3*. </p> <p> '2 "F,' ©G G1Ì© '2 'D¯HG'Ì 51AÌ 2('F E9FÌ .'5Ì 1' EÌ 13'F/  H /1 '57D'- 4F'3Ì 9DEÌ FÌ2 G1Ì© '2 'D¯HG' EÌ *H'F/ /'1'Ì 4.5Ì* ('E9F'ÌÌ ('4/  'E©'F'* 2('F A'13Ì 1' (1'Ì *1,EG! Ì© EAGHE AÌ2Ì©Ì EÌ "2E'ÌÌE. 'ÌF EAGHE ~/Ì/G! gravitation Ì9FÌ "F .'5Ì* ',3'E E'/Ì '3* ©G (1 '+1 FÌ1HÌ 2'ÌÌ/G! ,1E .H/  Ì©/̯1 1' ,0( EÌ ©FF/. 'ÌF H'˜G /1 2('F 'F¯DÌ3Ì  '3E E5/1 to gravitate '3* ©G '5D' '2 H'˜G! D'*ÌF gravis (G E9FÌ «3F¯ÌF» Ì' «¯1'F» ¯1A*G 4/G '3*. †F'F©G "4©'1' /Ì/G EÌ 4H/  /1 0'* 'ÌF '57D'- EAGHE 3F¯ÌFÌ Ì' ¯1'FÌ H,H/ /'1/. /1 A'13Ì "F 1' †G EÌ *H'F ¯A* «,0( ©1/F»  «,D( ©1/F»  «©4Ì/F»  «3F¯ÌFÌ ©1/F» GEG! 'ÌFG' F'*H'F 'F/. EÌ *H'F "F 1' *1,EG ©1/: «FÌ1HÌ F'4Ì '2 ,1E H'1/ ©1/F (G» Ì' «,0( ©1/F (1 '+1 FÌ1HÌ ,1E». /1 'ÌF©G 'ÌF 9('1*G' 7HD'FÌ H :Ì1B'(D '3*A'/G 'F/ 4©Ì FÌ3*. «,0( ©1/F»  «,D( ©1/F»  H «3F¯ÌFÌ ©1/F» (G *FG'ÌÌ FG AB7 EAGHE 1' †F'F©G ('Ì/ FEÌ 13'FF/  2Ì1' (3Ì'1 ©DÌ H /H~GDH G3*F/  (D©G †F'F©G .H'GÌE /Ì/  '2 -Ì+ 3'.*E'F EH1AHDH˜Ì© FÌ2 ©'1"ÌÌ ©EÌ /'1F/. </p> <p> '5HD'  F©*G 'Ì ©G ('Ì/ GEH'1G /1 '57D'- 4F'3Ì 9DEÌ H AFÌ /1 F81 ¯1A*G 4H/ 'ÌF '3* ©G '57D'-G' G1†G /BÌB*1 H EF-51 (G A1/*1 'F*.'( 4HF/  2Ì1' 'ÌF D'2EG! /B* 9DEÌ H EF'3(*1ÌF 1'G 13'F/F "F EAGHE '3*. </p> <h3>"2EHF '57D'- 4F'3Ì</h3> <p> (' *H,G (G 1Ì4G 4F'3Ì E5/1  (G F81 FHÌ3F/G  13'*1ÌF E9'/D (1'Ì "F «¯1'FÌ/F»  Ì9FÌ 3'.*F E5/1 '2 5A* «¯1'F» '3*. ('D(*G «¯1'FÌ/F» /1 A1GF¯G' H,H/ /'1/  HDÌ FG (G 'ÌF E9F'Ì .'5.) ,/HD 2Ì1 FE'ÌF/G! †F/ 'E©'F ¯HF'¯HF 2('F A'13Ì (1'Ì *1,EG! '57D'- Ì'/4/G H E4*BG'Ì "F '3*. 3*HF Ì©E '2 3E* †~  EGE*1ÌF '57D'-G'ÌÌ G3*F/ ©G /1 AÌ2Ì© H 14*G G'Ì H'(3*G! "F (G ©'1 EÌ 1HF/  3*HF /HE '57D'-G'ÌÌ F'13'ÌÌ '3* ©G (Ì4*1 *' †F/ 3'D ~Ì4 (G ©'1 EÌ 1A*G 'F/  3*HF 3HE E*9DB (G 'D¯HÌ '57D'- 3'2Ì (' '3*A'/G '2 E5/1 E1©( '3*  H 3*HF †G'1E (G 'D¯HÌ E5/1 (3Ì7 *9DB /'1/  ©G 'E1H2G /1 (Ì4*1 FH4*G G'Ì E1(H7 (G "F (G ©'1 EÌ 1H/. </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"> <tr> <td class="header">'D¯HÌ E5/1 (3Ì7</td> <td class="header">'D¯HÌ E5/1 E1©(</td> <td class="header">'57D'-G'Ì B/ÌE</td> <td class="header">'57D'- 'F¯DÌ3Ì</td> </tr> <tr> <td>¯1'FÌ/F</td> <td>¯1'F ©1/F</td> <td>,0( ©1/F</td> <td align="left">gravitate, to</td> </tr> <tr> <td>¯1'F4</td> <td>¯1'F ©F4</td> <td>,'0(G</td> <td align="left">gravitation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>¯1'F4Ì</td> <td>¯1'F ©F4Ì</td> <td>,'0(G  ,'0(G 'Ì</td> <td align="left">gravitational</td> </tr> <tr> <td>¯1'FF/G</td> <td>¯1'F ©FF/G</td> <td>,0( ©FF/G</td> <td align="left">gravitating</td> </tr> <tr> <td>¯1'FÌ/G</td> <td>¯1'F 4/G</td> <td>,0( 4/G</td> <td align="left">gravitated</td> </tr> <tr> <td>¯1'FÌ</td> <td>¯1'FÌ</td> <td>+BD  3F¯ÌFÌ</td> <td align="left">gravity</td> </tr> <tr> <td>¯1'FÌ3F,Ì</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>+BD 3F,Ì  ,'0(G 3F,Ì</td> <td align="left">gravimetry</td> </tr> <tr> <td>¯1'FÌ3F,</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>+BD 3F,  ,'0(G 3F,</td> <td align="left">gravimeter</td> </tr> <tr> <td>¯1'HÌ*HF</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td align="left">graviton</td> </tr> <tr> <td>¯1'FÌ 'Ì3*</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td align="left">gravipause</td> </tr> <tr> <td>¯1'FÌ 3~G1  ¯1'FÌ ©O1G</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td align="left">gravisphere</td> </tr> </table> <p> /1 'ÌF,' ('Ì/ F©*G 'Ì 1' /1('1G! 'ÌF ,/HD *H6Ì- /'/. 44 '57D'- 'HD 3*HF Ì©E H'˜G G'Ì /'1'Ì EH1APEG'Ì H'(3*G 'F/ (bound morphemes) H ~F, '57D'- (9/  (G ,2 graviton '2 EH1AEG'Ì "2'/ (free morphemes) *4©ÌD 4/G 'F/  ©G ©E'(Ì4 (G 7H1 E3*BD GE (G ©'1 EÌ 1HF/  H /1 6EF EÌ *H'FF/ EH1AEG'Ì H'(3*G /'4*G ('4F/. '2 'ÌF1H  ~F, '57D'- ".1 3*HF †G'1E EÌ *H'FF/ /1 3*HF 3HE FÌ2 ,'Ì ¯Ì1F/. (-+ E' (Ì4*1 /1('1G! 44 '57D'- 'HD '3*  H "H1/F (BÌG (1'Ì E91AÌ E4*BG'Ì /̯1 EAGHE «¯1'F4» (H/G '3*. </p> <p> *#©Ì/ EÌ 4H/ ©G ~'ÌG! 3*HF †G'1E (1 'ÌF A16 FG'/G 4/G ©G G1 E4*B E5/1Ì E9F'Ì .'5Ì (1'Ì .H/ /'4*G ('4/. †F'F©G ED'-8G EÌ 4H/  '57D'-G'Ì 3*HF †G'1E  ©G '2 "F E5/1 (3Ì7 'F/  F3(* (G 3*HF 3HE ©E G,'*1F/ H A1/Ì* (Ì4*1Ì /'1F/. 'D(*G GE©1/Ì ©G /1 'ÌF,' (G ©'1 A*G «©1/F» '3* ©G /H G,' (Ì4*1 F/'1/. '¯1 GE©1/ E' E5/1 ~1G,'*1Ì ('4/  '.*D'A G,'G'Ì 3*HFG'Ì 3HE H †G'1E (Ì4*1 .H'G/ 4/. (1'Ì ~Ì (1/F (G 'ÌF ©G E4*BG'Ì E5/1 E1©( *' †G 'F/'2G EÌ *H'FF/ E7HD ('4F/ EÌ *H'F E4*BG'Ì «"DH/F» 1' (' «"DH/G ©1/F» Ì' «¯1'FÌ/F» 1' (' A16'K «¯1'F ¯1/'FÌ/F» EB'Ì3G ©1/. </p> <p> Ì©Ì '2 .5H5Ì*G'Ì E5/1 E1©( /1 2('F 9DEÌ  'ÌF '3* ©G /1 '57D'- EH1AHDH˜Ì©  E'GÌ* ~Ì1'¯HÌÌ (periphrastic) /'1/ - ©G 4'Ì/ (*H'F "F 1' (G «'7F'( EED» Ì' (G E+D «DBEG 1' /H1 31 ¯1/'F/F» *4(ÌG ©1/. </p> <p> 2('F  9D'HG (1 5A*G'Ì /̯14  Ì© H3ÌDG! '1*('7Ì '3*  H EÌ *H'F B'FHFG'Ì F81ÌG! '1*('7'* 1' /1('1G! "F 5'/B /'F3*. /1 G1 3Ì3*E '1*('7Ì  9'ED E2'-EÌ H,H/ /'1/ ©G /1 A13*'/F H ¯1A*F ~Ì'EG' '4©'D 'Ì,'/ EÌ ©F/  H /1 AÌ2Ì© H EGF/3Ì (G "F FHAG (noise) ¯HÌF/. A1'H'FÌ GE¯1/ /1 2('F 9DEÌ  Ì©Ì '2 FHAG G' (G 4E'1 EÌ 1H/. </p> <h3>'GEÌ* E5/1 (3Ì7</h3> <p> (' *H,G (G 'ÌFG'  ~3 '2 E*HBA 4/F ©'1 A1GF¯3*'F ~Ì4ÌF  'ÌF '4©'D'* 51AÌ *H,G (3Ì'1Ì '2 ©3'FÌ 1' ©G /3* 'F/1 ©'1 *'DÌA H *1,EG! 9DEÌ (H/F/ ,D( ©1/F/  H "F'F (1'Ì '2 EÌ'F (1/'4*F /4H'1ÌG'Ì *1,EG! 1H2'A2HF '2 2('FG'Ì '1H~'ÌÌ (G A'13Ì (G 'GEÌ* 'D¯HÌ E5/1 (3Ì7 ~Ì (1/F/. (H̘G  EAGHEG'ÌÌ 1' ©G ,F(G! (ÌF 'DEDDÌ /'1F/  †F'F©G 13E 2('FG'Ì A9'D '3*  E'FF/ ,2&Ì '2 H'˜¯'F 2('F A'13Ì /'F3*F/ H E4EHD B'9/G G'Ì /3*H1Ì "F B1'1 /'/F/. (1'Ì *H6Ì- (Ì4*1  (G ,/HD 2Ì1 *H,G 4H/. 3*HF /HE ©G B(D' (G ©'1 EÌ 1A*G H GFH2 ¯'G (G ©'1 EÌ 1H/  'D¯HÌ (ÌB'9/G 'Ì '3* ©G "ÌF/G! 2('F 1' *G/Ì/ EÌ ©F/. 3*HF 3HE ©G (1 E(F'Ì 51A A9DÌ 2('F A'13Ì 3'.*G 4/G  '©FHF *' 'F/'2G! F3(*'K 2Ì'/Ì ,'Ì .H/ 1' /1 FH4*G G'Ì 9DEÌ A'13Ì ('2 ©1/G '3*. </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"> <tr> <td class="header">'D¯HÌ E5/1 (3Ì7</td> <td class="header">'D¯HÌ B/ÌE*1</td> <td class="header">'57D'-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ÌHFÌ/F</td> <td>ÌHFÌ2G ©1/F</td> <td align="left">ionize</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ÌHF4</td> <td>ÌHFÌ2'3ÌHF</td> <td align="left">ionization</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ÌHFÌ</td> <td>ÌHFÌ</td> <td align="left">ionic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ÌHFF/G</td> <td>ÌHFÌ2'F  ÌHFÌ2G ©FF/G</td> <td align="left">ionizing</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ÌHF¯1</td> <td>ÌHFÌ2'F  ÌHFÌ2G ©FF/G</td> <td align="left">ionizer</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ÌHF4 ~0Ì1</td> <td>B'(D ÌHFÌ2G  ÌHFÌ2'(D</td> <td align="left">ionizable</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ÌHFÌ/G</td> <td>ÌHFÌ2G</td> <td align="left">ionized</td> </tr> </table> <p> †F'F©G '2 3*HF /HE (1EÌ "Ì/  E5/1 E1©( /1 'ÌF,' FÌ2 1'G -D (3F/G 'Ì (G /3* FEÌ /G/. </p> <p> *9/'/Ì '2 E5/1G'Ì (3Ì7Ì ©G /1 3'DG'Ì ¯04*G /1 2('F 9DEÌ H AFÌ A'13Ì 3'.*G 4/G 'F/ H G1 Ì© E9F'Ì .'5Ì /'1/  'ÌFG' G3*F/: <br/> "(Ì/F  '©3Ì/F  F(6Ì/F  3.*Ì/F  "4©'1Ì/F  ~3'(Ì/F  -3'(Ì/F  B7(Ì/F  ,A*Ì/F  G'DH˜FÌ/F  /¯1"GF¯Ì/F  AG13*Ì/F  GEFH'ÌÌ/F  ÌHFÌ/F  (1BÌ/F  AD3AÌ/F  5'AÌ/F  HD©'FÌ/F  *F©Ì/F  ~˜H'©Ì/F  ('2"H'ÌÌ/F  ©H"F*HEÌ/F. </p> <p> GE†FÌF  *9/'/Ì '2 E5/1G'Ì EG,H1 /H('1G (G ©'1 ¯1A*G 4/G 'F/. '2 ,EDG EÌ *H'F E5/1G'Ì 2Ì1 1' F'E (1/: <br/> *'4Ì/F  /Ì3Ì/F  *F,Ì/F  /H3Ì/F  *('GÌ/F  FG4*F  HÌ1'3*F  ¯4FÌ/F  'H˜FÌ/F  ~1'4Ì/F  1E(Ì/F  "EH/F  GDÌ/F  .DÌ/F  4ÌHÌ/F  FHÌ/F. </p> <p> (9D'HG  *9/'/Ì '3E E5/1 FÌ2 (G 7H1 E3*BD 3'.*G 4/G '3*: <br/> ,1B4  &Ì/1H˜F4  H'1HF4  /13*4  H'4Ì44  A1E'F4  FH1/4  ~'3*H1Ì24  A12'F4. </p> <p> 'D(*G EE©F '3* F2/ (1.Ì ©3'F 3'.*F E5/1 denominative Ì' (G 2('F :Ì19DEÌ E5/1 «,9DÌ» '2 1Ì4G! '3E Ì' 5A* *'(H ('4/. (96Ì FÌ2 "F 1' FEÌ ~3F/F/ H (' ©'1 *AFFÌ 712Ì 'A4'1  4'91 /H1G! 5AHÌ  Ì©Ì 4E'1F/. "1Ì  FB6 1H4 9DEÌ H †4E (3*F (1 H'B9Ì*G'Ì †HF "A*'(  (1 E(F'Ì ~Ì4/'H1ÌG'  /1 2('F FÌ2 E'FF/ G1,'Ì /̯1 /H1 '2 H39* F81 H "2'/EF4Ì H H'B9 (ÌFÌ '3*. '2 3HÌ /̯1  (G ¯A*G! 9ÌF 'DB6'* GE/'FÌ (-/H/ õòõ-ôùò G.B): «~3 G1 BHEÌ /1 9'DE  (H69 '3'EÌÌ †F/ E.5H5 'F/ ©G /̯1'F '2 "F E3*:FÌ 'F/. '/Ì( 1' (3Ì'1 E9'FÌ /1 5F9* .HÌ4 '3* H ABÌG 1' FÌ3*  H E*©DE H F-HÌ H EF,E 1' GE†FÌF H 7(Ì( H E-'3( H ©'*( H 91H6Ì 1' GE†FÌF H ,HD'G H -D', H ©F'3 1' GE†FÌF. H /1 EÌ'F ÌH2/'1'F H ('2/'1'F H 3¯ /'1'F '57D'-Ì G3* ©G 'Ì4'F '2 "F E3*:FÌ FÌ3*F/. H 9DÌ 'D,EDG Ğ BHEÌ FÌ'(Ì *' H' /2/'F H 71'1'F 13Ì 'D' G1 BHEÌ ©G '57D'-Ì /'1F/ ©G /̯1'F 1' "F '57D'-'* E9DHE FÌ3*. 2Ì1' ©G '3'EÌ (1 E9'FÌ *H'F FG'/. H G1 BHEÌ 1' -',* '3* (F81 ©1/F (E9'FÌÌ  ©G /̯1'F 1' -',* FÌ3*.» [ò] </p> <h3>.5H5Ì* 0'*Ì</h3> <p> H'F¯GÌ  3'.*F E5/1 '2 1Ì4G! '3E Ì' 5A* /1 2('F A'13Ì Ğ †Ì2 *'2G H 9,Ì(Ì FÌ3*  H †HF (G 3Ì1 *-HDÌ 2('F (F¯1ÌE  EÌ (ÌFÌE ©G /1 G1 /H1G (F'(1 '-*Ì', E5/1G'Ì ,/Ì/Ì 3'.*G 4/G 'F/. 'GD AF E9*B/F/ ©G E5/1G'Ì 2Ì1 GEG ,9DÌ 'F/: ":'2Ì/F  "E'3Ì/F  (H3Ì/F  *13Ì/F  *14Ì/F  ,F¯Ì/F  ,H4Ì/F  †1.Ì/F  .EÌ/F  .Ì3Ì/F  /2/Ì/F  1F,Ì/F  4H1Ì/F  :D*Ì/F  ¯'EÌ/F  ¯F/Ì/F  DF¯Ì/F  H 'ÌFG' AB7 †F/ FEHFG 'Ì G3*F/. </p> <p> '5HD'  71- E7D( (/ÌF 3'F  5-Ì- FEÌ FE'Ì/  2Ì1' E5/13'2Ì '2 '3E '2 .5H5Ì*G'Ì 0'*Ì 2('F A'13Ì '3*. †F'F©G 'GD *-BÌB E9*B/F/  A'13Ì /1Ì /F('DG! ~GDHÌ Ì' A'13Ì EÌ'FG '3*. 2('F ~GDHÌ *H'F'ÌÌ 51AÌ (3Ì'1Ì /'4*G  H /1 "F '2 '3E H 5A* H BÌ/ H 6EÌ1 E5/1 (3Ì7 EÌ 3'.*G 'F/. 'D(*G  A9D E1©( H 9('1*G'Ì A9DÌ /1 2('F ~GDHÌ H,H/ /'4*G  H GE†F'F©G /1('1G! 2('F A'13Ì /1Ì FÌ2 5'/B '3*  Ì©Ì '2 'E©'F'* 'ÌF 2('F (H/G 'F/ HDÌ *9/'/4'F (' A9DG'Ì (3Ì7 EB'Ì3G ~0Ì1 FÌ3*. (1'Ì ~Ì (1/F (G FÌ1HEF/Ì 'ÌF 2('F /1 3'.*F E5/1G'Ì (3Ì7 (G †F/ FEHFG! 2Ì1 *H,G 4H/: <br/> ¯H4Ì*F (=¯H4Ì/F: ¯H4 /'/F)  GH4Ì*F (=GH4Ì/F: AGEÌ/F)  ©FÌ*F (=©ÌFÌ/F: ©ÌF /'4*F)  .H4FÌ*F (=.HÌ4Ì/F: '.*5'5 /'/F)  H'†Ì*F (=H'˜Ì/F: 3.F ¯A*F)  A1EH4Ì*F (=A1'EH4Ì/F: A1'EH4 ©1/F)  '†FÌ*F (=ĞÌ/F: Ğ ©1/F)  HÌF'3Ì*F (=¯F'GÌ/F: ¯F'G ©1/F)  ~'3~'FÌ*F (=~'3('FÌ/F: ~'3('FÌ ©1/F). </p> <p> (9/ '2 -EDG! '91'( (G 'Ì1'F  'D¯HG'Ì 2('FÌ (1 '+1 (G ©'1 F1A*F ©E ©E A1'EH4 Ì' EG,H1 4/F/. /1 /H1G! 'HD 2('F A'13Ì /1Ì ©G '2 ":'2 -EDG! '91'( *' B1F GA*E G,1Ì '3*  'D¯HG'Ì ('2E'F/G '2 ~GDHÌ  E+D' ~Ì4HF/G' H ~3HF/G' H E5/1G'Ì (3Ì7 (Ì4*1F/. HDÌ (9/G' (1 '+1 A2HFÌ ¯1A*F H'˜G G'Ì 91(Ì  E5/1G'Ì E1©( A1'H'F EÌ 4HF/  2Ì1' H'˜G G'Ì 91(Ì 1' E4EHD B'9/G G'Ì /3*H1Ì A'13Ì FEÌ ©1/F/. '2 B1F GA*E ~Ì4HF/G'Ì A9D FÌ2 '2 1H', EÌ 'A*F/. -*Ì (3Ì'1Ì '2 A9DG'Ì (3Ì7 ,'Ì .H/ 1' (G A9DG'Ì E1©( EÌ /GF/. E'FF/: <br/> "©F/F -&gt; ~1 ©1/F  "3H/F -&gt; '3*1'-* ©1/F  "DH/F -&gt; "DH/G ©1/F  'F/H/F -&gt; 'F/H/ ©1/F  4*'A*F -&gt; 4*'( ©1/F  4'Ì3*F -&gt; 4'Ì3*G (H/F  3*/F -&gt; ~3 ¯1A*F  (Ì.*F -&gt; 'D© ©1/F  (ÌH3Ì/F -&gt; EF*81 (H/F. </p> <p> /1 F*Ì,G  '©FHF '©+1 A9DG'Ì A'13Ì «©1/F» H «3'.*F» H «4/F» H :Ì1G '3*  H /1 (3Ì'1Ì EH'1/ EÌ *H'F ,'Ì "FG' 1' (' GE 9H6 ©1/. (H 9D* /¯1¯HF 4/F E9FÌ '5DÌ E5/1 «FEH/F»  .H//'1Ì '2 *©1'1 A1'H'F «©1/F» (H/G '3*.) </p> <p> 'D(*G /1 'ÌF EÌ'F  *9/'/Ì E5/1 ,9DÌ /H1¯G FÌ2 3'.*G 4/G 'F/ ©G 'ÌFG' G3*F/: <br/> AGEÌ/F  AGE'F/F  B(HD'F/F  (D9Ì/F  7D(Ì/F  1B5Ì/F  1B5'F/F  :'1*Ì/F  4DÌ/F  51AÌ/F [=A'Ì/G /'4*F]  B'~Ì/F. </p> <h3>.HÌ4'HF/'F A'13Ì</h3> <p> E5/13'2Ì '2 '3E H 5A* H BÌ/ /1 2('FG'Ì /̯1 GF/H'1H~'ÌÌ  ©G .HÌ4'HF/ A'13Ì 'F/  3.* E*/'HD H 9'/Ì '3* H G1 ¯'G D'2E ('4/ 3'Ì1 E4*BG'Ì E5/1Ì "FG' 1' FÌ2 (G ©'1 EÌ (1F/. (1'Ì FEHFG /1 E5/1G'Ì 2Ì1 /1 2('FG'Ì 'F¯DÌ3Ì H A1'F3HÌ *H,G 4H/. /1 2('F 'F¯DÌ3Ì: <br/> to book, to ski, to telephone, to ugly, to skin, to pen, to north, to ground, to near, to foot, to deepen <br/> H /1 2('F A1'F3G <br/> boycotter, perler, jardiner, masquer, skier, téléphoner, voiturer, télescoper, neiger, majorer. </p> <p> /1 'ÌF,' D'2E '3* (G F©*G 'Ì '4'1G 4H/. '¯1 '2 '3E «©*'(» E5/1 3'.*G 4H/  «©*'(Ì/F» (G †G E9F' EÌ *H'F/ ('4/ «©*'( FH4*F»  «(G 5H1* ©*'( /1 "H1/F»  Ì' E9F'G'Ì /̯1 'ÌF E3&DG (G 3E'F*Ì© Ì' E9F'4F'3Ì H'˜G G' E1(H7 EÌ ¯1//  ©G '2 -Ì7G! (-+ 'ÌF EB'DG (Ì1HF '3*. *FG'  E.*51 '4'1G 'Ì EÌ 4H/. '¯1 ~134 ('D' E71- ©FF/G! '4©'DÌ 3E'F*Ì© ('4/  4'Ì/ (*H'F "F 1' (G GEG! E5/1G'Ì A'13Ì *9EÌE /'/. †F'F†G (G A16  E5/1 «†1.Ì/F» E9F'Ì "4©'1 H "4F'Ì .H/ 1' F/'4*  '2 /Ì/¯'G E9F'4F'3Ì  (G †G E9F' EÌ (H/ «†1. 3'.*F»  «14*F ~F(G *H37 †1.»  Ì' E9F'G'Ì /̯1 «'A1'4*F» †G 'ÌF E5/1 '2 3G B3E* «'A» ((G E9F'Ì «('D'») H «1'4*» ((G E9F'Ì «1'3*») H F4'FG! E5/1Ì 3'.*G 4/G '3*. HDÌ "Ì' E9F'Ì «(DF/ 3'.*F» H «(1~' ©1/F» /1 0'* "F G3* «('DÌ/F»  «'A1H.*F»  «~1Ì/F»  «/2/Ì/F» H :Ì1G H :Ì1G †G ~3  '2 "F,' ©G H'˜G G' F4'FG G3*F/  H 2('F 3Ì3*EÌ '2 †FÌF F4'FG G'Ì B1'1/'/Ì '3* ©G "/EÌ'F (H3ÌDG! "FG' (' Ì©/̯1 '1*('7 (1B1'1 EÌ 3'2F/ E5/1 «©*'(Ì/F» (1 7(B B1'1/'/ EÌ *H'F/ (1 Ì©Ì '2 "F E9F'G' /D'D* ©F/. .H4(.*'FG  2('F 9DEÌ A'13Ì /1 ¯1'Ì4 ,/Ì/ .H/ (3HÌ *H'F'ÌÌ H :F'Ì (Ì4*1  (' †FÌF '4©'DÌ 1H(1H FÌ3*  2Ì1' /1 'ÌF ¯1'Ì4  E9'/D '57D'-G'Ì H'6- 9DEÌ 1' EÌ 3'2/. '2 'ÌF1H  *FG' E9F'ÌÌ ©G E+D' (G E5/1 «"(Ì/F» /1 9DE /'/G 4/G 'ÌF '3*: «*1©Ì( ©1/F (' "(». </p> <hr/> <p> "+'1Ì ©G (1'Ì FH4*F 'ÌF EB'DG EH1/ '3*A'/G B1'1 ¯1A*G 'F/: </p> ñ) '-E/ "1'E H /̯1'F  «A1GF¯ '57D'-'* ,:1'AÌ'ÌÌ»  *G1'F  ñóóø <br/> <br/> ò) /©*1 EÌ14E3 'D/ÌF '/Ì( 3D7'FÌ  «1'GFE'Ì "E'/G 3'.*F ©*'(»  '+1 'F*4'1 FÌ'A*G! E$33G! 'F*4'1'* A1'F©DÌF  ø H ÷-ù-ø <br/> <br/> ó) ~1HA3H1 D'2'1 ~Ì3Ì©HA  «3.FÌ †F/ 1',9 (G EF'3('* ©DEG 3'2Ì '3E H A9D /1 2('F A'13Ì»  E,DG! 3.F  /H1G! òð  .1/'/ ñóõð  4E'1G! ñò <br/> <br/> ô) «/'Ì1)'DE9'1A A'13Ì»  (G 31~13*Ì :D'E-3ÌF E5'-(  'F*4'1'* A1'F©DÌF  *G1'F  ñóôõ  ,D/ 'HD  '-3 <br/> <br/> õ) H. 3. '3*'1¯HÌH'  «/3*H1 2('F A'13Ì EÌ'FG»  *1,EG! /©*1 HDÌ 'DDG 4'/E'F  'F*4'1'* (FÌ'/ A1GF¯ 'Ì1'F  *G1'F  ñóô÷ <br/> <br/> ö) /©*1 (G1'E A1G H4Ì  «A1GF¯ ~GDHÌ»  'F*4'1'* (FÌ'/ A1GF¯ 'Ì1'F  *G1'F  ñóôö <br/> <br/> ÷) /©*1 ~1HÌ2 F'*D .'FD1Ì  «*'1Ì. 2('F A'13Ì  (.4Ì '2 ,D/ /HE  3'.*E'F A9D»  'F*4'1'* (FÌ'/ A1GF¯ 'Ì1'F  *G1'F  ñóôù <br/> <br/> ø) ,2HG! H'˜G G'Ì A1GF¯3*'F  ñóñù <br/> <br/> <div dir="ltr"> 9) Simon Potter, <em>Language in the Modern World</em>, Pelican Books, England, 1971 <br/> <br/> 10) Mario Pei, Frank Gaynor, <em>Dictionary of Linguistics</em>, Littlefield, Adams & Co., ed. 1969 <br/> <br/> 11) Max Black, <em>The Labyrinth of Language</em>. Pelican Books, England, 1972 <br/> <br/> </div> <hr /> ~'FHÌ3: <br/> [ñ] 1,H9 ©FÌ/ (G «3(© 4F'3Ì»  , ó  ©*'(G'Ì ~13*H  *G1'F  ñóôù  , ó 5 óùñ-óøö <br/> <br/> [ò] «F'EG G'Ì 9ÌF 'DB6'* GE/'FÌ»  (G 'G*E'E 9DÌFBÌ EF2HÌ  9AÌA 93Ì1'F  'F*4'1'* (FÌ'/ A1GF¯ 'Ì1'F  F'EG! 4E'1G! FH2/GE <br/> <br/> <hr /> <p> *'Ì~ H *(/ÌD (G B'D( '†.*Ì.'E.'D: (G /3* 4G1(1'2  .1/'/ ñóø÷ ./ òððø E. <br/> <a href="http://shahrbaraz.blogspot.com" target="_blank">http://shahrbaraz.blogspot.com</a> </p> </body> </html>