An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 43 Search : process
adiabatic process
  فراروند ِ بی‌دررو   
farâravand-e bidarrow

Fr.: processus adiabatique   

A → thermodynamic process in which no → heat is supplied to or rejected from a system. → polytropic process.

adiabatic, → process.

alpha process
  فراروند ِ آلفا   
farâravand-e âlfâ

Fr.: processus α   

A class of → nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert → helium into → heavy elements. Once carbon has been created, through → triple alpha process, in a star's interior, it can then continue to fuse with further → alpha particles to produce progressively heavier elements called → alpha particles. The first stage produces oxygen, followed by neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, argon, calcium, titanium, chromium and iron. This is known as the → alpha ladder, with energy released as a photon at each stage.

alpha;→ process.

Blandford-Zanjek process
  فراروند ِ بلندفورد-زنجک   
farâravand-e Blandford-Zanjek

Fr.: processus de Blandford-Zanjek   

A mechanism for the extraction of energy from a rotating → Kerr black hole. It relies on the assumption that the material → accreted by a → black hole would probably be → magnetized and increasingly so as the material gets closer to the → event horizon. Since all black holes of current astrophysical interest are probably accreting from magnetized disks, this has led to suggestions that the Blandford-Znajek process plays a vital role in → active galactic nuclei (AGN) and other accreting black hole systems. The power, P, generated is given by: P = (4π/μ0) B2RS2c, where B is the → magnetic field of the → accretion disk, and RS is the → Schwarzschild radius of the black hole. As an example, for a 108 solar mass black hole with a 1 T magnetic field, the power generated is approximately 2.7 × 1038 W. In perspective, the annual energy consumption of the world is estimated around 5 × 1020 J. The example case presented produces more energy in a single second than the entire globe consumes in a year. While this is a bold claim to make, it is only an example case where not all the energy produced is extractable as useable energy. However, at that point, even a system which is less that < 10-15 % efficient would be sufficient to supply enough energy to power the world for a full year. Of course, the system itself is limited in its lifetime due to the extraction of energy by slowing down the rotation of the black hole. Hence, the system can only exist as long as the black hole has angular momentum, continuing to rotate. At some point, the rotation will cease and the energy source will be unusable (D. Nagasawa, PH240, Stanford University, Fall 2011).

Blandford, R. D., & Znajek, R. L., 1977, MNRAS 179, 433; → process.

Breit-Wheeler process
  فراروند ِ برایت-ویلر   
farâravand-e Breit-Wheeler

Fr.: processus Breit-Wheeler   

The production of an → electron-positron pair in the → collision of two → gamma ray → photons (γγ → e+e-). It is the → inverse process of → Dirac annihilation (e+e-→ γγ). The Breit-Wheeler process is the simplest way by which pure → light can be potentially transformed into → matter. However, as of 2014, this process has never been observed in practice because of the difficulty in preparing colliding → gamma ray beams.

Breit, G. & Wheeler, J. A. 1934, Collision of two light quanta. Phys. Rev. 46, 1087; → process.

central processing unit (CPU)
  یکای ِ آمایش ِ مرکزی   
yekâ-ye âmâyeš-e markazi

Fr.: unité centrale de traitement   

The primary component of a → computer that processes instructions. It runs the → operating system and → applications, constantly receiving input from the user or active → software programs. The CPU has two typical components: 1) Control Unit, which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them. 2) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which handles arithmetic and logical operations.

central; → processing; → unit.

cooling process
  فراروند ِ سردش   
farâravand-e sardeš

Fr.: processus de refroidissement   

The process of → radiative cooling in which the → temperature of an astrophysical system decreases due to the radiation of a major → emission line. For example, → molecular → emission at → millimeter wavelengths and → submillimeter wavelengths results in decreasing the temperature in molecular clouds. At temperatures less than 300 K, the main → coolant is the → carbon monoxide (CO) molecule which contains most of the carbon. Similarly, the → [C II] line is a major coolant in → photodissociation regions. See also → line cooling, → cooling time.

cooling; → process.

cyclic process
  فراروند ِ چرخه‌ای   
farâravand-e carxe-yi

Fr.: processus cyclique   

Any sequence of changes in a → thermodynamic system that returns the system into its → initial  → state.

cyclic; → process.

data processing
  داده آمایی   
dâdé âmâyi (#)

Fr.: traitement de données   

Systematic operations on data, such as handling, merging, sorting, and computing.

data; → processing.

data processor
  داده آما   
dâdé âmâ (#)

Fr.: processeur de donées   

A machine for handling data in → data processing.

data; → processor.

endoergic process
  فراروند ِ کاروژگیر   
farâravand-e kâružgir

Fr.: processus endoénergétique   

A nuclear or molecular process in which some of the energy of the incoming particle is absorbed by, or transferred to, the other particle.

endo- + -ergic, a combining form with the meanings "activated by, sensitive to, releasing, resembling the effect produced by the substance or phenomenon specified by the initial element," from → erg, → energy + → -ic; → process.

Farâravand, → process; kâružgir, from kâruž, → energy, + gir present stem of gereftan "to take, seize, catch" (Mid.Pers. griftan, Av./O.Pers. grab- "to take, seize," cf. Skt. grah-, grabh- "to seize, take," graha "seizing, holding, perceiving," M.L.G. grabben "to grab," from P.Gmc. *grab, E. grab "to take or grasp suddenly;" PIE base *ghrebh- "to seize").

endothermic process
  فراروند ِ گرماگیر   
farâravand-e garmâgir (#)

Fr.: processus endothermique   

Process during which heat is absorbed by the system from outside.

endo- + -therm, from Gk. therme "heat," from PIE *ghwerm-/*ghworm- "warm;" cf. Pers. garm "warm," L. fornax "an oven," O.E. wearm "warm" + → -ic.

From garmâ "heat, warmth" (Mid.Pers. garm, O.Pers./Av. garəma- "hot, warm," cf. Skt. gharmah "heat," Gk. thermos "warm," L. formus "warm," P.Gmc. *warmaz, O.E. wearm, O.H.G., Ger. warm, PIE *ghworm-/*ghwerm-, as above) + gir present tense stem of gereftan "to take, seize, catch" (Mid.Pers. griftan, Av./O.Pers. grab- "to take, seize," cf. Skt. grah-, grabh- "to seize, take," graha "seizing, holding, perceiving," M.L.G. grabben "to grab," from P.Gmc. *grab, E. grab "to take or grasp suddenly;" PIE base *ghrebh- "to seize").

fragmentation process
  فراروند ِ لتپارش   
farâravand-e latpâreš

Fr.: processus de fragmentation   

The succession of physical events that results in the breaking of a → molecular cloud into several → fragments.

fragmentation; → process.

image processing
  آمایش ِ وینه، ~ تصویر   
âmâyeš-e vine, ~ tasvir

Fr.: traitement d'image   

The use of techniques to produce, extract, identify, and display images for evaluation, interpretation, and further interaction with the data.

image; → processing.

irreversible process
  فراروند ِ واگشت‌ناپذیر   
farâravand-e vâgaštnâpazir (#)

Fr.: processus irréversible   

A physical process in which the combined → entropy of the → system and the → environment increases. During an irreversible process the system is not in equilibrium at all instances of time. Most of the processes in nature are irreversible. → reversible process.

irreversible; → process.

isentropic process
  فراروند ِ ایزودرگاشت   
farâravand-e izodargâšt

Fr.: process isentrope   

A → thermodynamic process for which there is no → heat transfer with the surroundings, and no change in → entropy.

isentropic; → process.

isobaric process
  فراروند ِ ایزوفشار   
farâravand-e izofešâr

Fr.: processus isobare   

A process taking place at constant pressure. → polytropic process.

Isobaric, adj. of → isobar; → process.

isochoric process
  فراروند ِ ایزوگنج   
farâravand-e izogonj

Fr.: processus isochore   

A process in which the volume remains unchanged.

From → iso- + chor-, from Gk. chora "place, land" + → ic.

Farâravand, → process; izogonj, from izoiso- + gonj "volume," gonjdan "to be contained; to hold exactly; to be filled;" Mid.Pers. winj- "to be contained;" Proto-Iranian *uiac-/*uic-; cf. Skt. vyac- "to contain, encompass," vyás- "extent, content, extension;" L. uincire "to bind."

isothermal process
  فراروند ِ ایزودما   
farâravand-e izodamâ

Fr.: processus isotherme   

A → thermodynamic process that takes place at → constant  → temperature. For the temperature of a system to remain strictly constant, the changes in other coordinates (pressure and volume) must be carried out slowly, and → heat must enter or leave the system to maintain a constant temperature. → polytropic process. Astrophysical examples include the → collapse of a → protostar down the → Hayashi track, and the collapse of a star at the end of its life to become a → white dwarf.

isothermal; → process.

merger process
  فراروند ِ تشک   
farâravand-e tašk

Fr.: processus de fusion   

The process of collision between galaxies which leads to a single galaxy.

merger; → process.

microprocessor
  ریز‌آما   
riz-âmâ

Fr.: microprocesseur   

Controlling unit of a microcomputer; laid out on a tiny silicon chip and containing the logical elements for handling data, performing calculations, carrying out stored instructions, etc.

micro-; → processor.

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