An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 24 Search : radius
Alfven radius
  شعاع ِ آلفون   
šo'â'-e Alfvén

Fr.: rayon d'Alfvén   

1) In theories of magnetized → accretion disks, the distance from a non-rotating star where the → free fall of a spherical accretion flow is stopped, which occurs where the → ram pressure of the infalling matter equals the → magnetic pressure of the star.
2) More generally, the distance from an accreting or wind-blowing star where the → Alfvén Mach number of the flow (→ inflow or → outflow) is unity.

Alfvén wave; → radius.

Alfvén radius
  شعاع ِ آلفون   
šo'â'-e Alfvén

Fr.: rayon d'Alfvén   

1) In theories of magnetized → accretion disks, the distance from a non-rotating star where the → free fall of a spherical accretion flow is stopped, which occurs where the → ram pressure of the infalling matter equals the → magnetic pressure of the star.
2) The distance from an accreting or wind-blowing star where the → Alfvén Mach number of the flow (→ inflow or → outflow) is unity.

Alfvén wave; → radius.

Bohr radius
  شعاع ِ بؤر   
šo'â'-e Bohr

Fr.: rayon de Bohr   

The radius of the orbit of the hydrogen electron in its ground state (0.529 Å).

Bohr; → radius.

Bondi-Hoyle accretion radius
  شعاع ِ فربال ِ بوندی-هویل   
šo'â'-e farbâl-e Bondi-Hoyle

Fr.: rayon de l'accrétion de Bondi-Hoyle   

In the → Bondi-Hoyle accretion process, the radius where the gravitational energy owing to star is larger than the kinetic energy and, therefore, at which material is bound to star. The Bondi-Hoyle accretion radius is given by RBH = 2 GM / (v2 + cs2) where G is the gravitational constant, M is the stellar mass, v the gas/star relative velocity, and cs is the sound speed.

Bondi-Hoyle accretion; → radius.

corotation radius
  شعاع ِ هم‌چرخش   
šoâ'-e ham-carxeš

Fr.: rayon de corotation   

1) In the → X-wind model of → accretion, the distance from the star where the → centrifugal force on a particle corotating with the star balances the → gravitational attraction; in other words, where the → accretion disk rotates at the same → angular velocity as the star.
2) In a → spiral galaxy, the place where the spiral → pattern speed has the same velocity as the → rotation curve of the → galactic disk. In the frame rotating with the wave, particles inside this radius will appear to revolve in the direction of the frame rotation (prograde) while outside this corotation radius, they will be retrograde.

corotation; → radius.

cyclotron radius
  شعاع ِ سیکلوترون   
šo'â'-e siklotron

Fr.: rayon de cyclotron   

Same as → Larmor radius.

cyclotron; → radius.

de Vaucouleurs radius
  شعاع ِ دووکولور   
šo'â'-e de Vaucouleurs

Fr.: rayon de Vaucouleurs   

An → isophotal radius of a galaxy, where the → surface brightness in the B band falls to 25 mag arcsec-2.

After the French-born American astronomer Gérard de Vaucouleurs (1918-1995); → radius.

Earth radius
  شعاع ِ زمین   
šo'â'-e zamin (#)

Fr.: rayon terrestre   

The distance from the Earth's center to its surface, about 6,371 km.

earth; → radius.

effective radius
  شعاع ِ ا ُسکرمند   
šo'â'-e oskarmand

Fr.: rayon effectif   

Of a galaxy, the distance from its center within which half of the total luminosity is included.

effective; → radius.

Einstein radius
  شعاع ِ اینشتین   
šo'â'-e Einstein

Fr.: rayon d'Einstein   

In gravitational lens phenomenon, the critical distance from the → lensing object for which the light ray from the source is deflected to the observer, provided that the source, the lens, and the observer are exactly aligned. Consider a massive object (the lens) situated exactly on the line of sight from Earth to a background source. The light rays from the source passing the lens at different distances are bent toward the lens. Since the bending angle for a light ray increases with decreasing distance from the lens, there is a critical distance such that the ray will be deflected just enough to hit the Earth. This distance is called the Einstein radius. By rotational symmetry about the Earth-source axis, an observer on Earth with perfect resolution would see the source lensed into an annulus, called Einstein ring, centered on its position. The size of an Einstein ring is given by the Einstein radius: θE = (4GM/c2)0.5 (dLS/(dL.dS)0.5, where G is the → gravitational constant, M is the mass of the lens, c is the → speed of light, dL is the angular diameter distance to the lens, dS is the angular diameter distance to the source, and dLS is the angular diameter distance between the lens and the source. The equation can be simplified to: θE = (0''.9) (M/1011Msun)0.5 (D/Gpc)-0.5. Hence, for a dense cluster with mass M ~ 10 × 1015 Msun at a distance of 1 Gigaparsec (1 Gpc) this radius is about 100 arcsec. For a gravitational → microlensing event (with masses of order 1 Msun) at galactic distances (say D ~ 3 kpc), the typical Einstein radius would be of order milli-arcseconds.

Einstein; → radius.

electron radius
  شعاع ِ الکترون   
šo'â'-e elektron

Fr.: rayon de l'électron   

The classical size of the electron given by re = e2/mec2 = 2.81794 × 10-13 cm, where e and me are the → electron charge and → electron mass, respectively, and c is the → speed of light.

electron; → radius.

equatorial radius
  شعاع ِ هموگاری   
šo'â'-e hamugâri

Fr.: rayon équatorial   

Of a planet, the distance from the center to the equator. For Earth it is 6,378.1370 km. Jupiter has an equatorial radius 11.2 times Earth's value.

equatorial; → radius.

gyroradius
  لرشعاع   
leršo'â'

Fr.: gyrorayon   

Same as → Larmor radius.

gyro-; → radius.

Hubble radius
  شعاع ِ هابل   
šo'â'-e Hubble (#)

Fr.: rayon de Hubble   

The size of the observable Universe as derived from the ratio c/H0, where H0 is the → Hubble-Lemaitre constant and c the → speed of light. Same as → Hubble distance, → Hubble length, and → cosmic horizon.

Hubble; → radius.

isophotal radius
  شعاع ِ ایزوشیدی   
šo'â'-e izošidi

Fr.: rayon isophotal   

The size attributed to a galaxy corresponding to a particular level of → surface brightness. The reason is that galaxies do not have sharp edges.

isophotal; → radius.

Larmor radius
  شعاع ِ لارمور   
šoâ'-e Larmor (#)

Fr.: rayon de Larmor   

The radius of the circular motion of a → charged particle moving in a → uniform magnetic field. Same as → gyroradius, → radius of gyration, → cyclotron radius. The Larmor radius (rL) is obtained by equating the → Lorentz force with the → centripetal force: qvB = mv2/rL, which leads to rL = p/(ZeB), where p is → momentum, Z is → atomic number, e is the → electron charge, and B is → magnetic induction. The frequency of this circular motion is known as the → gyrofrequency.

Larmor frequency; → radius.

radius
  شعاع   
šo'â' (#)

Fr.: rayon   

Of a circle, any straight line segment extending from the center to a point on the circumference.
Of a sphere, any straight line segment extending from the center to a point on the surface.
Of a regular polygon, the radius of the circle circumscribed about the polygon.

From L. radius "staff, spoke of a wheel, beam of light," of unknown origin.

Šo'â', loan from Ar.

radius of gyration
  شعاع ِ لرش   
šo'â'-e lereš

Fr.: gyrorayon   

Same as → Larmor radius.

radius; → gyration.

radius vector
  بردار ِ شعاعی   
bordâr-e šo'â'i (#)

Fr.: rayon vecteur   

Math.: In a system of polar or spherical coordinates, a line joining a point to the origin.
Astro.: A line drawn from a central body to a satellite object in any position in its orbit.

radius; → vector.

Schwarzschild radius
  شعاع ِ شو‌آرتسشیلد   
šo'â'-e Schwarzschild

Fr.: rayon de Schwarzschild   

The critical radius at which a massive body becomes a → black hole, i.e., at which light is unable to escape to infinity: Rs = 2GM / c2, where G is the → gravitational constant, M is the mass, and c the → speed of light. The fomula can be approximated to Rs≅ 3 x (M/Msun), in km. Therefore, the Schwarzschild radius for Sun is about 3 km and for Earth about 1 cm.

Schwarzschild black hole; → radius.

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